Table 2.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
β | 95% CI | P value | β | 95% CI | P value | β | 95% CI | P value | |
|
|||||||||
Associated with narrower CRAE | |||||||||
Age, per 10 years | −1.87 | −2.15, −1.59 | <.001 | −0.73 | −1.14, −0.33 | <.001 | |||
Sex, male | −0.18 | −0.95, 0.59 | 0.65 | ||||||
Systolic BP, per 10 mmHg | |||||||||
Concurrent | −1.34 | −1.46, −1.22 | <.001 | −2.69 | −3.58, −1.81 | <.001 | −2.74 | −3.71, −1.78 | <.001 |
5 years previously | −1.78 | −2.66, −0.90 | <.001 | −1.75 | −2.70, −0.79 | <.001 | |||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.11 | 0.04, 0.17 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.04, 0.18 | 0.003 | |||
Diastolic BP, per 5 mmHg | |||||||||
Concurrent | −1.16 | −1.26, −1.05 | <.001 | −0.76 | −1.58, 0.05 | 0.07 | |||
5 years previously | −0.12 | −0.90, 0.67 | 0.77 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.02 | −0.07, 0.03 | 0.40 | ||||||
Mean arterial BP, per 5 mmHg | |||||||||
Concurrent | −1.14 | −1.23, −1.05 | <.001 | −1.38 | −2.19, −0.56 | 0.001 | |||
5 years previously | −0.67 | −1.46, 0.12 | 0.10 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.01 | −0.03, 0.06 | 0.48 | ||||||
BMI, per categorya | |||||||||
Concurrent | −0.51 | −0.70, −0.32 | <.001 | −1.16 | −1.67, −0.64 | <.001 | −0.51 | −1.02, 0.00 | 0.05 |
5 years previously | −0.56 | −1.12, 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.22 | −0.77, 0.34 | 0.44 | |||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.20 | 0.07, 0.32 | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.00, 0.24 | 0.04 | |||
Heavy drinking status | |||||||||
Concurrent | −2.25 | −3.78, −0.72 | 0.004 | −1.70 | −4.50, 1.10 | 0.23 | −2.54 | −4.79, −0.28 | 0.03 |
5 years previously | −2.16 | −4.40, 0.07 | 0.06 | −2.42 | −4.42, −0.42 | 0.02 | |||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.06 | −4.51, 4.63 | 0.98 | ||||||
Associated with wider CRAE | |||||||||
Smoking status | |||||||||
Concurrent | 5.03 | 4.28, 5.78 | <.001 | 5.00 | 2.62, 7.37 | <.001 | 4.29 | 3.02, 5.56 | <.001 |
5 years previously | 1.55 | 0.38, 2.72 | 0.01 | 1.63 | 0.53, 2.74 | 0.004 | |||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.91 | −3.68, 1.86 | 0.52 | ||||||
Not associated with CRAE | |||||||||
Antihypertensive medication use | |||||||||
Concurrent | 0.18 | −0.30, 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.02 | −0.69, 0.73 | 0.95 | |||
5 years previously | 0.69 | −0.81, 2.18 | 0.37 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.20 | −1.86, 1.46 | 0.82 | ||||||
Intraocular pressure, per 2 mmHg | |||||||||
Concurrent | −0.12 | −0.27, 0.02 | 0.10 | −0.33 | −1.15, 0.49 | 0.43 | |||
5 years previously | −0.15 | −0.94, 0.65 | 0.72 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.01 | −0.09, 0.11 | 0.80 | ||||||
Total cholesterol, per categorya b | |||||||||
Concurrent | −0.17 | −0.30, −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.54, 0.36 | 0.70 | |||
5 years previously | 0.00 | −0.38, 0.38 | >0.99 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.01 | −0.10, 0.08 | 0.82 | ||||||
HDL cholesterol, per categorya b | |||||||||
Concurrent | −0.37 | −0.55, −0.19 | <.001 | −0.46 | −0.96, 0.05 | 0.08 | |||
5 years previously | −0.15 | −0.63, 0.33 | 0.54 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.04 | −0.09, 0.17 | 0.52 | ||||||
HbA1c, per 1%c | |||||||||
Concurrent | 0.30 | 0.07, 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −1.02, 1.17 | 0.89 | |||
5 years previously | 0.46 | −0.82, 1.75 | 0.48 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.01 | −0.14, 0.13 | 0.92 | ||||||
Diabetes status | |||||||||
Concurrent | 1.36 | 0.39, 2.32 | 0.01 | 0.65 | −0.79, 2.10 | 0.37 | |||
5 years previously | −0.73 | −4.29, 2.84 | 0.69 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.98 | −3.10, 5.06 | 0.64 | ||||||
Creatinine, per quartile | |||||||||
Concurrent | −0.12 | −0.36, 0.11 | 0.29 | −0.05 | −0.54, 0.44 | 0.84 | |||
5 years previously | −0.22 | −0.74, 0.31 | 0.42 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | 0.00 | −0.27, 0.28 | 0.99 | ||||||
hsCRPc, per quartile | |||||||||
Concurrent | 0.14 | −0.19, 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.84 | −0.51, 2.20 | 0.22 | |||
5 years previously | 0.37 | −1.12, 1.85 | 0.63 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.03 | −0.75, 0.69 | 0.93 | ||||||
VCAM-1c, per quartile | |||||||||
Concurrent | −0.07 | −0.59, 0.45 | 0.79 | 0.72 | −0.71, 2.15 | 0.33 | |||
5 years previously | −0.34 | −1.96, 1.28 | 0.68 | ||||||
Concurrent × 5 years previously | −0.02 | −0.76, 0.72 | 0.96 |
BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.
Model 1: Controls for variable at current visit, age, refraction, cataract, image focus, and systolic blood pressure.
Model 2: Controls for variable at current visit, variable at past visit, interaction between visits, age, refraction, cataract, image focus, and SBP interaction.
Model 3: Controls for all variables shown plus age, refraction, cataract, and image focus
BMI: <20, 20–<23, 23–<26, 26–<29, 29–<32, 32–<35, 35–<38, 38–<41, and ≥41 kg/m2. Serum total cholesterol: <160, 160–<180, 180–<200, 200–<220, 220–<240, 240–<260, 260–<280, and ≥280 mg/dL. Serum HDL cholesterol: <30, 30–<40, 40–<50, 50–<60, 60–<70, 70–<80, 80–<90, and ≥90 mg/dL.
Measured at visits 1, 2, and 3 only.
Measured at visits 1 and 2 only.