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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Ophthalmol. 2012 Aug 1;130(8):1019–1027. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.560

Table 2.

Relationship of Risk Factors Measured Previously (5 Years Earlier) and Concurrently (Same Visit) to Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent in the Beaver Dam Eye Study, 1988–2005.

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
β 95% CI P value β 95% CI P value β 95% CI P value
Associated with narrower CRAE
Age, per 10 years −1.87 −2.15, −1.59 <.001 −0.73 −1.14, −0.33 <.001
Sex, male −0.18 −0.95, 0.59 0.65
Systolic BP, per 10 mmHg
 Concurrent −1.34 −1.46, −1.22 <.001 −2.69 −3.58, −1.81 <.001 −2.74 −3.71, −1.78 <.001
 5 years previously −1.78 −2.66, −0.90 <.001 −1.75 −2.70, −0.79 <.001
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.11 0.04, 0.17 0.001 0.11 0.04, 0.18 0.003
Diastolic BP, per 5 mmHg
 Concurrent −1.16 −1.26, −1.05 <.001 −0.76 −1.58, 0.05 0.07
 5 years previously −0.12 −0.90, 0.67 0.77
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.02 −0.07, 0.03 0.40
Mean arterial BP, per 5 mmHg
 Concurrent −1.14 −1.23, −1.05 <.001 −1.38 −2.19, −0.56 0.001
 5 years previously −0.67 −1.46, 0.12 0.10
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.01 −0.03, 0.06 0.48
BMI, per categorya
 Concurrent −0.51 −0.70, −0.32 <.001 −1.16 −1.67, −0.64 <.001 −0.51 −1.02, 0.00 0.05
 5 years previously −0.56 −1.12, 0.01 0.05 −0.22 −0.77, 0.34 0.44
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.20 0.07, 0.32 0.002 0.12 0.00, 0.24 0.04
Heavy drinking status
 Concurrent −2.25 −3.78, −0.72 0.004 −1.70 −4.50, 1.10 0.23 −2.54 −4.79, −0.28 0.03
 5 years previously −2.16 −4.40, 0.07 0.06 −2.42 −4.42, −0.42 0.02
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.06 −4.51, 4.63 0.98
Associated with wider CRAE
Smoking status
 Concurrent 5.03 4.28, 5.78 <.001 5.00 2.62, 7.37 <.001 4.29 3.02, 5.56 <.001
 5 years previously 1.55 0.38, 2.72 0.01 1.63 0.53, 2.74 0.004
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.91 −3.68, 1.86 0.52
Not associated with CRAE
Antihypertensive medication use
 Concurrent 0.18 −0.30, 0.67 0.46 0.02 −0.69, 0.73 0.95
 5 years previously 0.69 −0.81, 2.18 0.37
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.20 −1.86, 1.46 0.82
Intraocular pressure, per 2 mmHg
 Concurrent −0.12 −0.27, 0.02 0.10 −0.33 −1.15, 0.49 0.43
 5 years previously −0.15 −0.94, 0.65 0.72
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.01 −0.09, 0.11 0.80
Total cholesterol, per categorya b
 Concurrent −0.17 −0.30, −0.04 0.01 −0.09 −0.54, 0.36 0.70
 5 years previously 0.00 −0.38, 0.38 >0.99
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.01 −0.10, 0.08 0.82
HDL cholesterol, per categorya b
 Concurrent −0.37 −0.55, −0.19 <.001 −0.46 −0.96, 0.05 0.08
 5 years previously −0.15 −0.63, 0.33 0.54
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.04 −0.09, 0.17 0.52
HbA1c, per 1%c
 Concurrent 0.30 0.07, 0.52 0.01 0.07 −1.02, 1.17 0.89
 5 years previously 0.46 −0.82, 1.75 0.48
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.01 −0.14, 0.13 0.92
Diabetes status
 Concurrent 1.36 0.39, 2.32 0.01 0.65 −0.79, 2.10 0.37
 5 years previously −0.73 −4.29, 2.84 0.69
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.98 −3.10, 5.06 0.64
Creatinine, per quartile
 Concurrent −0.12 −0.36, 0.11 0.29 −0.05 −0.54, 0.44 0.84
 5 years previously −0.22 −0.74, 0.31 0.42
 Concurrent × 5 years previously 0.00 −0.27, 0.28 0.99
hsCRPc, per quartile
 Concurrent 0.14 −0.19, 0.48 0.40 0.84 −0.51, 2.20 0.22
 5 years previously 0.37 −1.12, 1.85 0.63
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.03 −0.75, 0.69 0.93
VCAM-1c, per quartile
 Concurrent −0.07 −0.59, 0.45 0.79 0.72 −0.71, 2.15 0.33
 5 years previously −0.34 −1.96, 1.28 0.68
 Concurrent × 5 years previously −0.02 −0.76, 0.72 0.96

BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.

Model 1: Controls for variable at current visit, age, refraction, cataract, image focus, and systolic blood pressure.

Model 2: Controls for variable at current visit, variable at past visit, interaction between visits, age, refraction, cataract, image focus, and SBP interaction.

Model 3: Controls for all variables shown plus age, refraction, cataract, and image focus

a

BMI: <20, 20–<23, 23–<26, 26–<29, 29–<32, 32–<35, 35–<38, 38–<41, and ≥41 kg/m2. Serum total cholesterol: <160, 160–<180, 180–<200, 200–<220, 220–<240, 240–<260, 260–<280, and ≥280 mg/dL. Serum HDL cholesterol: <30, 30–<40, 40–<50, 50–<60, 60–<70, 70–<80, 80–<90, and ≥90 mg/dL.

b

Measured at visits 1, 2, and 3 only.

c

Measured at visits 1 and 2 only.