Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of trial participants and mean change (SDs) for outcome measures at trial completion from baseline (N=86).
| Variable a | BAT (n=28) | AT (n=30) | RT (n=28) | Total N=86 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Age, years | 75.1 (3.6) | 75.6 (3.6) | 73.9 (3.4) | 74.9 (3.5) |
| Height, cm | 158.2 (7.3) | 159.2 (5.9) | 158.7 (7.0) | 158.7 (6.7) |
| Weight, kg | 66.4 (14.0) | 64.8 (12.8) | 65.2 (10.7) | 65.4 (12.4) |
| Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly | 133.2 (78.1) | 121.6 (52.9) | 151.8 (74.9) | 135.2 (69.52) |
| Education, Count (%) | ||||
| Less than Grade 9 | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (00 | 2 (2.3) |
| Grade 9 to 12 without Certificate or Diploma | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.5) | 2 (2.3) | 10 (11.6) |
| High School Certificate or Diploma | 7 (8.1) | 7 (8.1) | 7 (8.1) | 21 (24.4) |
| Trades or Professional Certificate or Diploma | 5 (5.8) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (3.5) | 10 (11.6) |
| University Certificate or Diploma | 8 (9.3) | 8 (9.3) | 8 (9.3) | 24 (27.9) |
| University Degree | 3 (3.5) | 8 (9.3) | 8 (9.3) | 19 (22.1) |
| Geriatric Depression Scaleb | 1.0 (1.8) | 1.1 (1.8) | 1.4 (2.0) | 1.2 (1.8) |
| Functional Comorbidities Indexc | 2.6 (2.2) | 2.9 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.8) |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Livingd | 7.8 (0.5) | 7.8 (0.5) | 7.7 (0.8) | 7.8 (0.6) |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessmente | 27.1 (1.7) | 27.4 (1.5) | 26.0 (5.6) | 22.1 (3.0) |
| Mini-Mental State Examinationf | 27.1 (1.7) | 27.4 (1.5) | 26.0 (5.6) | 26.8 (3.5) |
| Exercise Class Complianceg, % | 59 (14.8) | 60 (18.7) | 54 (14.7) | 57 (16.1) |
| Δ Stroop CW – Stroop C, sec | 1.37 (15.26) | 8.83 (41.86) | 9.13 (19.88) | |
| Δ Trail B – Trail Ah, sec | −0.39 (40.27) | 18.28 (72.55) | −0.91 (43.91) | |
| Δ Digit Forward – Digit Backwardi | 2.00 (3.14) | 0.54 (4.77) | 0.73 (2.52) | |
| Δ Item Memory | 0.21 (0.76) | 0.55 (1.25) | 0.38 (0.75) | |
| Δ Associative Memory | 0.23 (0.66) | −0.09 (0.82) | 0.61 (0.72) | |
| Δ Everyday Problem Solving Testj | −1.89 (4.51) | −0.91 (4.46) | −1.40 (5.39) | |
| Δ Short Physical Performance Battery Scorek | 0.70 (1.77) | 1.37 (1.34) | 0.40 (1.41) | |
| Δ Six-Minute Walk Testl, m | 4.50 (34.52) | 18.73 (54.63) | 11.85 (41.09) | |
Abbreviations: BAT=balance and tone; AT=aerobic training; RT=resistance training
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as mean (SD). Percentages (%) have been rounded and may not total 100.
Maximum was 15 points.
Maximum was 18 points.
Maximum was 8 points.
Maximum was 30 points.
Maximum was 30 points.
Calculated as (total number of classes attended/50 classes) × 100.
Measure of set shifting.
Measure of working memory.
Maximum was 48 points.
Assesses general balance and mobility. Maximum was 12 points.
Assesses general cardiovascular capacity. Due to safety concerns (i.e., high resting blood pressure), of the 84 participants who completed the Six-Minute Walk Test at baseline, 68 completed at trial completion (n=24 for RT, n=22 for AT, and n=22 for BAT).
Mean change for all cognitive measures (except for Associative Memory and Everyday Problem Solving Test) = baseline value minus final value. Positive change indicates improvement. Mean change for all performance measures, Associative Memory, and Everyday Problem Solving Test = final value minus baseline value. Positive change indicates improvement.