Table 1.
Maternal Employment and Demographic Characteristics of the Sample (n=444)
| Full sample n=444 | Ever employed n=325 | Non-employment n=119 | First emp 0–8 mths n=222 | First emp 9–23 mths n=103 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employmenta | |||||
| Never employed | 20.98% | - | - | - | - |
| Ever employed | 79.02% | - | - | - | - |
| First emp 0–8 Months | 50.76% | 64.23% | - | - | - |
| First emp 9–23 Months | 28.26% | 35.77% | - | - | - |
| Intensity of first employment | |||||
| Part Time | 22.34% | 25.66% | - | 28.35% | 28.13% |
| Full Time | 55.98% | 74.34% | - | 71.50% | 71.87% |
| Employment History Covariates | |||||
| Employed year before birtha | 46.51% | 55.57%A | 12.36%Aab | 68.80%ac | 31.82%bc |
| Employed recently at W3a | 59.03% | 66.86%A | 29.51%Aab | 69.97%a | 61.28%b |
| Child Characteristics | |||||
| Age of Child (in months) | 12.64(6.78) | 12.48(6.72) | 13.22(6.98) | 12.08(6.83) | 13.20(6.46) |
| Boya | 48.14% | 48.62% | 46.35% | 43.11% | 58.51% |
| Racea | |||||
| African American | 42.08% | 43.69% | 35.95% | 41.65% | 47.37% |
| Hispanic | 54.98% | 53.56% | 60.35% | 56.28% | 48.68% |
| White | 2.94% | 2.75% | 3.70% | 2.07% | 3.95% |
| Developmental delay at birtha | 28.66% | 27.46% | 33.21% | 28.71% | 25.19% |
| Child was low birthweighta | 5.46% | 4.51% | 9.07% | 4.26% | 4.95% |
| Child carea | |||||
| Formal Care | 25.14% | 28.15%A | 13.82%Aa | 29.21%a | 26.23% |
| Informal Care | 33.34% | 38.28%A | 14.72%Aab | 35.08%a | 44.03%b |
| Mother Care | 41.52% | 33.57%A | 71.46%Aab | 35.71%a | 29.74%b |
| Maternal Characteristics | |||||
| Age of Mother (in years) | 25.38(6.93) | 24.84(5.93) | 27.43(9.56)a | 25.65(6.22)b | 23.39(5.06)ab |
| Educationa | |||||
| Less than high school | 35.01% | 30.86%A | 50.66%Aa | 19.60%ab | 51.08%b |
| High school graduate or GED | 27.66% | 27.72% | 27.43% | 28.61% | 26.13% |
| Greater than high school | 37.33% | 41.42%A | 21.91%Aa | 51.79%ab | 22.79%b |
| Mother cognitive skills | 89.65(16.67) | 91.24(14.76)A | 83.65(21.42)Aa | 93.39(14.33)ab | 87.35(14.75)b |
| Fluent in Englisha | 90.79% | 94.28%A | 77.67%Aab | 95.33%a | 92.39%b |
| Marrieda | 26.25% | 25.77% | 28.05% | 28.32% | 21.19% |
| Number of Children in Household | 2.63(1.57) | 2.58(1.62) | 2.81(1.35) | 2.35(1.38) | 2.98(1.91) |
| Welfare in last 2 yearsa | 51.71% | 51.83% | 51.25%a | 40.26%b | 72.62%ab |
| Working spousea | 18.32% | 16.03% | 26.92% | 15.23% | 17.47% |
| Income-to-Needs W1 | 0.88(0.57) | 0.92(0.57)A | 0.72(0.53)Aa | 0.99(0.59)ab | 0.79(0.53)b |
| Child Characteristics W3 | |||||
| Reading Skills | 103.60(19.49) | 103.78(18.86) | 102.95(21.70) | 105.32(19.64) | 101.00(17.05) |
| Math Skills | 97.73(20.08) | 98.44(20.10) | 95.07(19.83) | 98.72(19.91) | 97.93(20.43) |
| Affective Problems | 55.12(7.20) | 54.80(7.09) | 55.82(56.34) | 54.60(7.06) | 55.15(7.13) |
| Anxiety Problems | 55.06(6.38) | 54.50(6.07)A | 57.17(7.06)Aa | 54.24(5.78)a | 54.98(6.53) |
| Somatic Problems | 55.47(7.06) | 55.01(6.80) | 57.22(7.72)a | 55.53(7.12) | 54.07(6.09)a |
| Hyperactivity Problems | 56.56(7.16) | 55.24(6.99) | 56.80(7.64) | 54.82(6.37) | 55.99(7.93) |
| Oppositional Problems | 56.46(7.13) | 55.16(6.92) | 56.59(7.78) | 54.54(6.51) | 56.27(7.46) |
| Conduct Problems | 55.81(8.03) | 54.93(7.32)A | 59.15(9.56)Aa | 54.51(7.18)a | 55.68(7.51) |
a
Proportions
Note: Within each row, groups sharing superscript letters are different from each other at the p<.05 level. Uppercase letters denote differences between ever employed and never employed. Lowercase letters denote differences between never employed, first emp 0–8 months, and first emp 9–23 months.