Table 3.
Main Effects Models Examining the Influence of Timing and Intensity of Employment After Birth on the Development of Cognitive Skills and Behavior Problems at Age 7
| Independent Variables | WJ Letter Word | WJ Applied Problems | Affective Problems | Anxiety Problems | Somatic Problems | Atten. Deficit/Hyperactivity | Opp. Defiant Problems | Conduct Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever Employed OLS Model (n=444) | ||||||||
| Ever employed part time | −3.38(3.99) | 4.26(4.63) | −1.35(1.28) | −1.49(1.33) | −2.99(1.56)+ | −1.83(1.50) | −1.60(1.56) | −4.03(1.71)* |
| Ever employed full time | −4.01(3.99) | 2.13(4.34) | −0.36(1.06) | −1.71(1.16) | −2.76(1.52)+ | −1.90(1.52) | −1.94(1.46) | −4.27(1.67)* |
| F of model | 2.38**–3.58** | 2.20**–2.94** | 1.98**–3.23** | 1.28–1.85* | 1.73*–2.64** | 1.09–1.60* | 1.77*–2.02** | 1.19–2.29** |
| R2 | 0.21–0.25 | 0.14–0.18 | 0.15–0.19 | 0.09–0.13 | 0.12–0.18 | 0.10–0.12 | 0.12–0.12 | 0.11–0.13 |
|
| ||||||||
| Ever Employed Propensity Score Model (n=238 ) | ||||||||
| Ever employed part time | −1.11(4.33) | 3.91(5.00) | −0.55(1.48) | −2.09(1.69) | −2.37(1.73) | −2.82(1.81) | −2.24(1.84) | −4.19(2.04)* |
| Ever employed full time | −3.21(4.83) | −0.01(4.64) | −0.62(1.25) | −1.47(1.40) | −3.42(1.65)* | −1.77(1.65) | −1.36(1.62) | −4.61(1.88)* |
| F of model | 2.22**–3.35** | 3.02**–3.57** | 3.30**–5.58** | 2.55**–3.13** | 3.04**–4.71** | 2.18**–2.89** | 1.64*–1.87* | 2.10**–3.13** |
| R2 | 0.25–0.30 | 0.25–0.30 | 0.28–0.30 | 0.23–0.25 | 0.17–0.30 | 0.20–0.23 | 0.17–20 | 0.18–0.22 |
|
| ||||||||
| Timing of Employment OLS Model (n=444 ) | ||||||||
| First emp 0–8 months part time | −3.70(5.90) | 7.42(5.66) | −1.87(1.29) | −2.19(1.62) | −3.97(1.80)* | −3.21(1.45)* | −3.64(1.52)* | −5.02(1.70)** |
| First emp 0–8 months full time | −4.71(4.20) | 1.56(5.03) | 0.03(1.22) | −3.14(1.27)* | −1.37(1.55) | −2.09(1.63) | −2.78(1.46)+ | −4.93(1.66)** |
| First emp 9–23 months part time | −6.59(5.48) | 1.92(5.22) | −0.40(1.89) | −1.95(1.58) | −2.11(2.13) | −0.66(2.06) | 0.14(2.20) | −3.70(2.10)+ |
| First emp 9–23 months full time | −1.81(3.81) | 2.64(4.80) | −0.61(1.21) | −1.73(1.37) | −3.99(1.59)* | −1.69(1.74) | −1.33(1.71) | −3.89(1.89)* |
| F of model | 2.36**–3.56** | 2.26**–3.34** | 2.06**–2.86** | 1.42+–1.92** | 1.90**–2.81** | 1.24–1.93** | 1.50+–1.91** | 1.17–2.38** |
| R2 | 0.21–0.26 | 0.15–0.19 | 0.15–0.18 | 0.10–0.14 | 0.14–0.19 | 0.11–0.13 | 0.11–0.13 | 0.11–0.13 |
Note:
p<.10,
p<.05,
p<.01.
Employed groups are compared to the omitted category of no employment. Within each column, groups shared superscript letters are different from each other at the p <.05 level. All analyses controlled for the wave 1 value of the mother age, mother education, mother english fluency, mother marital status, number of minors in the household, if mother had a working spouse, mother employed in year prior to birth, mother received welfare in last 2 years, child gender, child age, child race/ethnicity, child low birthweight, child developmental delay at birth, child in formal child care, child in informal child care, household income-to-needs, mother cognitive ability at Wave 2, and mother employed recently at Wave 3.