Table 4.
Interaction Models Examining the Influence of Timing of Employment After Birth and Race/Ethnicity on the Development of Cognitive Skills and Behavior Problems at Age 7
| Independent Variables | WJ Letter Word | WJ Applied Problems | Affective Problems | Anxiety Problems | Somatic Problems | Atten. Deficit/Hyperactivity | Opp. Defiant Problems | Conduct Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever Employed OLS Model (n=420 ) | ||||||||
| Main Effects | ||||||||
| Ever employed | −1.82(4.20) | 7.95(4.82) | −1.74(1.40) | −5.07(1.45)** | −3.53(2.10)+ | −3.49(1.62)* | −3.51(1.95)+ | −7.29(1.98)** |
| Hispanic main effect | 3.73(5.28) | 5.46(5.48) | −1.09(1.58) | −2.05(1.79) | −1.50(2.20) | −0.26(2.08) | −0.65(2.34) | −3.05(2.38) |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| Ever employed × Hispanic | −2.80(5.89) | −7.88(6.25) | 1.84(1.70) | 4.19(1.89)* | 0.99(2.59) | 2.18(2.10) | 2.29(2.56) | 4.61(2.56)+ |
| F of model | 2.35**–3.66** | 2.55**–3.22** | 2.15**–3.32** | 2.29**–2.86** | 1.86*–3.11** | 1.30–1.83* | 1.54+–2.04** | 1.68*–2.65** |
| R2 | 0.21–0.25 | 0.15–0.20 | 0.16–0.20 | 0.12–0.16 | 0.12–0.18 | 0.11–0.13 | 0.13–0.15 | 0.14–0.16 |
|
| ||||||||
| Ever Employed Propensity Score Model (n=227 ) | ||||||||
| Main Effects | ||||||||
| Ever employed | −2.61(4.91) | 4.07(6.04) | −2.42(1.59) | −5.96(1.66)** | −4.57(2.19)* | −4.01(1.78)* | −5.09(1.93)** | −9.05(2.14)** |
| Hispanic main effect | 4.36(5.32) | 4.82(5.19) | −0.27(1.61) | −1.33(1.77) | −2.36(2.33) | −0.21(1.98) | −0.77(2.09) | −3.10(2.31) |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| Ever employed × Hispanic | 0.18(7.21) | −3.04(8.53) | 2.92(2.00) | 5.60(2.13)** | 2.32(2.72) | 2.58(2.29) | 5.01(2.28)* | 6.59(2.61)* |
| F of model | 2.31**–3.56** | 3.12**–3.80** | 3.98**–7.53** | 2.51**–3.59** | 2.70**–5.68** | 2.18**–2.87** | 1.90*–2.97** | 3.14**–6.42** |
| R2 | 0.26–0.31 | 0.27–0.30 | 0.28–0.32 | 0.28–0.29 | 0.19–0.29 | 0.20–0.24 | 0.19–0.25 | 0.22–0.26 |
|
| ||||||||
| Timing of Employment OLS Model (n=420 ) | ||||||||
| Main Effects | ||||||||
| First emp 0–8 months | −3.40(4.81) | 6.67(5.37) | −0.88(1.53) | −5.26(1.59)** | −2.90(2.24) | −3.74(1.70)* | −3.56(2.07)+ | −6.88(2.07)** |
| First emp 9–23 months | 0.04(4.78) | 10.33(6.02)+ | −3.21(1.62)* | −5.06(1.63)** | −4.21(2.19)+ | −3.46(1.88)+ | −4.07(2.06)* | −8.22(2.12)** |
| Hispanic main effect | 3.66(5.27) | 5.59(5.53) | −1.15(1.56) | −2.11(1.79) | −1.46(2.20) | −0.33(2.09) | −0.78(2.32) | −3.12(2.38) |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| First emp 0–8 months × Hispanic | −1.59(6.55) | −4.62(6.89) | −0.02(1.87) | 3.78(2.05)+ | 0.63(2.80) | 1.71(2.17) | 0.67(2.60) | 3.12(2.65) |
| First emp 9–23 months × Hispanic | −4.77(6.89) | −13.45(8.04)+ | 5.01(2.21)* | 4.91(2.30)* | 1.54(2.75) | 3.04(2.80) | 5.12(2.94)+ | 7.17(2.95)* |
| F of model | 2.17**–3.57** | 2.30**–2.96** | 2.54**–3.55** | 2.10**–2.72** | 1.70*–2.80** | 1.29–1.76* | 1.94**–2.04** | 1.76*–2.78** |
| R2 | 0.21–0.26 | 0.15–0.21 | 0.19**–0.23** | 0.13**–0.17** | 0.13–0.19 | 0.11–0.14 | 0.16–0.18 | 0.16–0.18 |
Note:
p<.10,
p<.05,
p<.01.
Employed groups are compared to the omitted category of no employment. Whites are removed from the sample for this analysis. All models controlled for the wave 1 value of the mother age, mother education, mother english fluency, mother marital status, number of minors in the household, if mother had a working spouse, mother employed in year prior to birth, mother received welfare in last 2 years, child gender, child age, child race/ethnicity, child low birthweight, child developmental delay at birth, child in formal child care, child in informal child care, household income-to-needs, mother cognitive ability at Wave 2, and mother employed recently at Wave 3.