Table 5.
Interaction Models Examining the Influence of Timing of Employment After Birth and Child Care on the Development of Cognitive Skills and Behavior Problems at Age 7
| Independent Variables | WJ Letter Word | WJ Applied Problems | Affective Problems | Anxiety Problems | Somatic Problems | Atten. Deficit/Hyperactivity | Opp. Defiant Problems | Conduct Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever Employed OLS Model (n=444 ) | ||||||||
| Main Effects | ||||||||
| Ever employed | −3.41(4.73) | 2.65(5.21) | −0.63(1.15) | −1.43(1.51) | −2.39(1.46) | −1.07(1.49) | −1.33(1.27) | −2.89(1.59)+ |
| Formal care main effect | 9.82(11.20) | −3.38(9.39) | 1.10(2.38) | 2.56(2.30) | 2.86(3.99) | 1.00(3.26) | 1.29(3.35) | 1.39(4.28) |
| Informal care main effect | 1.75(7.45) | −1.51(5.30) | 1.84(1.88) | 4.68(2.70)+ | 3.44(2.68) | 8.67(2.52)** | 7.02(4.02)+ | 8.78(3.77)* |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| Ever employed × Formal | −4.52(11.87) | 2.19(10.66) | −0.14(2.48) | −2.17(2.61) | −2.27(4.06) | 0.96(3.71) | 1.12(3.34) | −0.31(4.34) |
| Ever employed × Informal | 3.83(8.28) | 3.39(6.60) | −0.15(2.20) | −3.81(2.75) | −1.90(2.85) | −6.52(2.77)* | −5.37(4.13) | −7.98(4.00)* |
| F of model | 2.29**–3.93** | 2.64**–3.32** | 2.38**–4.58** | 1.51+–2.84** | 1.77*–2.73** | 1.51+–2.02** | 2.05**–2.36** | 1.56*–2.73** |
| R2 | 0.20–0.27 | 0.15–0.18 | 0.15–0.19 | 0.11–0.15 | 0.13–0.19 | 0.12–0.15 | 0.14–0.16 | 0.14–0.18 |
|
| ||||||||
| Ever Employed Propensity Score Model (n=238 ) | ||||||||
| Main Effects | ||||||||
| Ever employed | −0.19(5.93) | 2.72(5.78) | −1.13(1.48) | −1.46(1.81) | −1.72(1.56) | −1.62(1.67) | −0.79(1.41) | −3.16(1.71)+ |
| Formal care main effect | 11.61(9.62) | −1.27(9.49) | 1.57(2.43) | 2.59(2.52) | 2.81(3.82) | 0.87(2.93) | 1.28(2.97) | 1.60(4.07) |
| Informal care main effect | 2.16(7.44) | −3.61(5.76) | 1.95(2.28) | 5.56(2.76)+ | 4.22(2.43)+ | 9.12(2.66)** | 7.51(3.59)* | 9.41(3.77)* |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| Ever employed × Formal | −6.60(11.75) | 0.28(12.01) | 0.61(3.29) | −2.30(3.04) | −3.38(4.08) | 1.10(3.57) | 0.83(3.35) | −1.19(4.44) |
| Ever employed × Informal | −4.06(10.10) | −4.16(8.64) | 1.22(3.17) | −3.09(3.14) | −3.35(3.01) | −4.75(3.19) | −6.49(3.98) | −7.35(4.36)+ |
| F of model | 2.13**–3.33** | 2.99**–3.98** | 3.93**–5.89** | 2.61**–3.72** | 3.33**–4.54** | 2.71**–4.15** | 1.83*–1.96* | 2.67**–3.74** |
| R2 | 0.25–0.32 | 0.25–0.30 | 0.28–0.30 | 0.25–0.27 | 0.19–0.31 | 0.23–0.25 | 0.21–0.24 | 0.23–0.27 |
|
| ||||||||
| Timing of Employment OLS Model (n=444 ) | ||||||||
| Main Effects | ||||||||
| First emp 0–8 months | −6.48(6.05) | 0.84(6.09) | −0.10(1.36) | −0.92(1.70) | −2.12(1.75) | −0.51(1.71) | −2.00(1.36) | −2.90(1.73)+ |
| First emp 9–23 months | 1.86(4.45) | 6.42(7.09) | −1.75(1.39) | −2.84(1.55)+ | −2.57(1.76) | −2.61(1.55)+ | −0.66(1.55) | −3.24(1.85)+ |
| Formal care main effect | 9.92(11.15) | −3.34(9.39) | 1.09(2.36) | 2.49(2.35) | 2.91(4.00) | 0.93(3.23) | 1.28(3.35) | 1.31(4.25) |
| Informal care main effect | 1.98(7.48) | −1.31(5.30) | 1.78(1.91) | 4.53(2.69)+ | 3.50(2.69) | 8.51(2.55)** | 6.98(4.03)+ | 8.66(3.78)* |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| First emp 0–8 months × Formal | −1.60(12.51) | 5.79(11.80) | −1.27(2.51) | −3.38(3.03) | −2.45(4.02) | −0.44(3.81) | 0.91(3.35) | −0.29(4.28) |
| First emp 0–8 months × Informal | 7.30(8.91) | 6.70(7.53) | −1.08(2.18) | −5.84(2.93)* | −1.23(3.01) | −8.61(2.89)** | −5.84(4.19) | −9.25(4.04)* |
| First emp 9–23 months × Formal | −10.44(11.97) | −3.90(11.53) | 1.78(3.15) | −0.52(2.62) | −1.56(4.69) | 2.94(4.06) | 0.78(3.92) | −0.80(4.96) |
| First emp 9–23 months × Informal | −2.72(8.67) | −2.09(9.38) | 1.41(2.94) | −0.69(2.96) | −2.74(3.16) | −3.27(3.25) | −5.11(4.46) | −6.12(4.42) |
| F of model | 2.38**–3.76** | 2.38**–3.07** | 2.29**–4.29** | 1.96**–3.25** | 1.91**–2.47** | 1.55*–2.10** | 1.90**–2.14** | 1.42+–2.80** |
| R2 | 0.22–0.28 | 0.16–0.19 | 0.15–0.20 | 0.13–0.19 | 0.14–0.19 | 0.15–0.17 | 0.15–0.17 | 0.16–0.19 |
Note:
p<.10,
p<.05,
p<.01.
Employed groups are compared to the omitted category of no employment. All analyses controlled for the wave 1 value of the mother age, mother education, mother english fluency, mother marital status, number of minors in the household, if mother had a working spouse, mother employed in year prior to birth, mother received welfare in last 2 years, child gender, child age, child race/ethnicity, child low birthweight, child developmental delay at birth, child in formal child care, child in informal child care, household income-to-needs, mother cognitive ability at Wave 2, and mother employed recently at Wave 3.