TABLE 2.
Impact of Exposure to HIV Control Program Activities and AIDS Mortality on Risk of Acquiring HIV Infection, Manicaland, Zimbabwe, 1998–2000 to 2001–2003 (Women, 15 to 44 Years)
| Psychological Status (at Round 1) |
Sexual Risk Behavior (During 3-yr Intersurvey Period) |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge |
Risk Perception |
Self-efficacy |
Newly Started Sex |
Multiple Partners |
Unprotected Casual Sex |
Spouse Unfaithful |
HIV Incidence |
|||||||||
| Exposure/Status at Round 1 |
aOR (95% CI) | N | aOR (95% CI) | N | aOR (95% CI) | N | aOR (95% CI) | N | aOR (95% CI) | N | aOR (95% CI) | N | aOR (95% CI) | N | aIRR (95% CI) | Person-Years |
| Individual characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Secondary education— some vs. none |
2.00 (1.64–2.44) | 2069 | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 2373 | 2.08 (1.64–2.64) | 2373 | 0.75 (0.47–1.21) | 408 | 1.62 (1.06–2.48) | 1933 | 1.18 (0.78–1.79) | 1941 | 0.91 (0.68–1.20) | 1401 | 1.44 (0.96–2.16) | 7028 |
| Marriage—married vs. unmarried |
0.75 (0.61–0.91) | 2068 | 2.85 (2.28–3.54) | 2372 | 0.37 (0.30–0.48) | 2372 | — | 0.17 (0.12–0.24) | 1932 | 0.29 (0.19–0.44) | 1940 | — | 0.49 (0.33–0.73) | 7024 | ||
| Income—unemployed vs. employed |
0.61 (0.42–0.88) | 1808 | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 2081 | 0.55 (0.35–0.87) | 2081 | 0.89 (0.12–6.44) | 327 | 0.26 (0.17–0.41) | 1726 | 0.46 (0.27–0.79) | 1732 | 0.96 (0.58–1.58) | 1283 | 0.70 (0.34–1.46) | 6174 |
| Epidemiological impact | ||||||||||||||||
| Relative with AIDS | 1.32 (1.08–1.61) | 2070 | 1.22 (0.99–1.51) | 2374 | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 2374 | 1.02 (0.58–1.79) | 301 | 1.22 (0.83–1.79) | 1386 | 1.22 (0.82–1.83) | 1391 | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 1011 | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) | 5065 |
| Programs | ||||||||||||||||
| Media campaigns | 1.41 (1.14–1.76) | 2060 | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 2364 | 1.48 (1.15–1.90) | 2364 | 1.04 (0.62–1.73) | 311 | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) | 1603 | 0.88 (0.52–1.49) | 1608 | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 1169 | 0.98 (0.60–1.58) | 5736 |
| HIV/AIDS meetings | 1.67 (1.25–2.24) | 970 | 1.32 (0.96–1.81) | 1171 | 1.82 (1.36–2.44) | 1171 | 1.46 (0.79–2.71) | 183 | 0.65 (0.37–1.13) | 781 | 0.59 (0.33–1.07) | 783 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 562 | 0.63 (0.32–1.24) | 2903 |
Exposure/status—prior (i.e., at Round 1) versus none; those with new exposure at Round 2 excluded from analyses.
Effects of programs on psychosocial status measured at Round 1.
All tests controlled for age and clustering at the village level. Tests for association with incidence and behavior also controlled for behavior at Round 1. Tests for effects on behavior also controlled for interview method.
HIV indicates human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; aOR; adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aIRR, adjusted incidence rate ratio.