Table 3.

Hazard Ratio for Hypertension stratified by Cola and Carbonated Beverage Intake

Beverage Type Frequency of Consumption (servings)	Multivariable-Adjusted Risk Ratio NHS I	NHS II	HPFS
Sugar-Sweetened or Artificially-Sweetened Cola Consumption
<1/month (reference)	1.0	1.0	1.0
1–4/month	1.04 (1.01–1.07)	1.02 (0.97–1.08)	1.06 (1.01–1.12)
2–6/week	1.09 (1.06–1.13)	1.10 (1.05–1.15)	1.11 (1.05–1.16)
≥1/day	1.14 (1.11–1.18)	1.16(1.10–1.22)	1.17 (1.10–1.24)
Sugar-Sweetened or Artificially-Sweetened Non-Cola Consumption
<1/month (reference)	1.0	1.0	1.0
1–4/month	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	1.03 (0.98–1.07)
2–6/week	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	1.06 (1.02–1.11)	1.08 (1.03–1.14)
≥1/day	1.08 (1.03–1.13)	1.08 (1.02–1.14)	1.10 (1.02–1.18)
P-interaction between cola and non-cola beverages	<0.001	0.11	0.04
Carbonated Beverage Consumption
<1/month (reference)	1.0	1.0	1.0
1–4/month	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	1.07 (1.01–1.14)
2–6/week	1.08 (1.05–1.11)	1.08 (1.02–1.14)	1.14 (1.08–1.20)
≥1/day	1.14 (1.11–1.18)	1.18 (1.12–1.24)	1.23 (1.16–1.30)
Non-Carbonated Beverage Consumption
<1/month (reference)	1.0	1.0	1.0
1–4/month	1.01 (0.98–1.03)	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.99 (0.95–1.04)
2–6/week	1.03 (0.99–1.07)	1.05 (1.00–1.10)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)
≥1/day	1.03 (0.94–1.13)	1.10 (1.00–1.21)	1.08 (0.89–1.31)
P-interaction between carbonated and non-carbonated beverages	<0.001	0.03	0.009

One serving is defined as 12 oz. All models were adjusted for age, BMI, BMI², weight change between surveys, race, family history of HTN, physical activity, calcium/magnesium/vitamin D intake, cereal fiber and trans fat intake, carbohydrate consumption, DASH-style diet, total fructose consumption, daily calories, alcohol intake, smoking status, oral contraceptive use (in the female cohorts), and non-narcotic analgesic use. Models were mutually controlled for intake of both beverage categories (either for both cola and non-cola beverages or for both carbonated and non-carbonated beverages).