Table 1.
—Subject Characteristics and Association With LHS Score > 40
| Characteristic | LHS Score ≤ 40 | LHS Score > 40 | P Value |
| Age, y | 46.7 ± 15.3 | 48.6 ± 15.4 | .19 |
| Male sex | 76 of 222 (34.2) | 70 of 238 (29.4) | .26 |
| Relationship to patients | .21 | ||
| Child | 52 of 222 (23.4) | 56 of 236 (23.7) | |
| Other relative | 71 of 222 (32.0) | 56 of 236 (23.7) | |
| Spouse/partner | 35 of 222 (15.8) | 49 of 236 (20.8) | |
| Parent | 35 of 222 (15.8) | 34 of 236 (14.4) | |
| Sibling | 29 of 222 (13.1) | 41 of 236 (17.4) | |
| Surrogate decision-maker | 92 of 222 (41.4) | 92 of 236 (39.0) | .59 |
| Presence of advance directive or DNR order | 66 of 199 (33.2) | 50 of 206 (24.3) | .05 |
| Current ICU length of stay, d | 7.2 ± 15.6 | 5.7 ± 7.4 | .36 |
| > 3 d | 112 of 218 (51.4) | 101 of 232 (43.5) | .10 |
| ICU type | .95 | ||
| Trauma | 67 of 222 (30.2) | 73 of 236 (30.9) | |
| Medical | 56 of 222 (25.2) | 53 of 236 (22.5) | |
| Surgical | 46 of 222 (20.7) | 48 of 236 (20.3) | |
| Cardiac surgical | 21 of 222 (9.5) | 25 of 236 (10.6) | |
| Neurologic | 19 of 222 (8.6) | 19 of 236 (8.1) | |
| Cardiac | 13 of 222 (5.9) | 18 of 236 (7.6) | |
| History of previous patient ICU admission | 77 of 215 (35.8) | 88 of 228 (38.6) | .54 |
| Race | .59 | ||
| White | 142 of 217 (65.4) | 146 of 234 (62.4) | |
| Black | 64 of 217 (29.5) | 71 of 234 (30.3) | |
| Other | 11 of 217 (5.1) | 17 of 234 (7.3) | |
| Median household income, $ | 47,901.7 ± 11,288.6 | 48,315.3 ± 11,697.4 | .70 |
| Below poverty line, % | 10.2 ± 8.6 | 11.3 ± 9.1 | .44 |
| ≥ US average (12.4%) | 156 of 210 (74.3) | 152 of 224 (67.9) | .14 |
| Educational level | < .001 | ||
| Grade school/high school | 79 of 222 (35.6) | 138 of 238 (58.0) | |
| College/university | 116 of 222 (52.3) | 89 of 238 (37.4) | |
| Advanced degree | 27 of 222 (12.2) | 11 of 238 (4.6) | |
| Did doctors explain things well? | .55 | ||
| Strongly agree | 101 of 213 (47.4) | 97 of 229 (42.4) | |
| Agree | 97 of 213 (45.5) | 113 of 229 (49.3) | |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 15 of 213 (7.0) | 19 of 229 (8.3) | |
| Perceived Stress Scale score | 14.4 ± 6.7 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | < .001 |
| > 18 | 58 of 221 (26.2) | 149 of 236 (63.1) | < .001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or No. (%).DNR = do not resuscitate; LHS = Learned Helplessness Scale.