Table 1. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of study population.
| Non-diabetic controls (n = 137) | T2D(n = 119) | P | T1D(n = 113) | P*vs controls | |
| Age (years) | 49±11 | 61±10 | <0.001 | 25±14 | <0.001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 65/72 | 75/43 | 0.008 | 64/49 | 0.164 |
| Weight (Kg) | 74.3±16.3 | 82.2±18.9 | 0.005 | 67.6±12.6 | 0.022 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) a | 27.4±5.6 | 30.4±4.5 | <0.001 | 22.2±7.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 94.5±16.5 | 104.6±13 | <0.001 | 85±15.4 | 0.084 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121±18 | 133±15 | 0.001 | 117±15 | 0.006 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79±8 | 82±10 | 0.020 | 76±11 | 0.164 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 96±16 | 141±45 | <0.001 | 138.6±69.5 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood insulin (µU/mL) | 21.7±25 | 37.7±33 | 0.001 | – | – |
| DI-0 | 66.1±43.5 | 26.1±27.9 | <0.001 | – | – |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4±0.4 | 7.1±1.5 | 0.001 | 7.1±1.6 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (U) | 5.2±7 | 12.9±11 | <0.001 | – | – |
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204±43 | 281±44 | <0.001 | 197.1±39.5 | 0.240 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 54.6±15 | 49±20 | 0.001 | 58.4±18.3 | 0.383 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 126±37 | 108±42 | 0.007 | 116.7±31 | 0.148 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 125±75 | 155±88 | 0.003 | 113.3±143 | 0.021 |
| AST (IU/L) | 21±8 | 25±13 | 0.04 | 20±7 | 0.507 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 24±14 | 33±19 | <0.001 | 21.6±10 | 0.543 |
| Diabetes’ duration (years) | – | 7.97±7.95 | – | 6.4±7.1 | – |
| Apelin (ng/mL) | 0.91±0.7 | 1.23±1.1 | <0.001 | 0.73±0.39 | 0.077 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Mann-Whitney non-parametric independent sample test was applied. P values <0.05 are considered significant. Abbreviations : BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DI-0 basal disposition index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.