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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Nutr. 2012 Jul 10;52(3):1039–1048. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0410-9

Table 3.

Tea consumption and biomarkers for MetS in U.S. Adults

Glucose, mmol/L1 Hot Tea Iced Tea
Men Women Men Women
LS Mean SE P LS Mean SE P LS Mean SE P LS Mean SE P
 Non-consumer 6.9 ± 0.2 ref 6.6 ± 0.2 ref 7.0 ± 0.16 ref 6.5 ± 0.2 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 7.1 ± 0.2 0.24 6.5 ± 0.2 0.06 7.0 ± 0.18 0.76 6.6 ± 0.2 0.02
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 6.9 ± 0.2 0.76 6.6 ± 0.2 0.97 6.9 ± 0.17 0.6 6.6 ± 0.2 0.03
 Daily 7.0 ± 0.2 0.73 6.5 ± 0.2 0.32 6.8 ± 0.3 0.63 6.5 ± 0.2 0.74
 Multiple cups/day 6.6 ± 0.2 0.14 6.4 ± 0.2 0.01 7.0 ± 0.22 0.86 6.4 ± 0.2 0.9
Insulin, pmol/L 1
 Non-consumer 87.9 ± 7.4 ref 86.6 ± 6.9 ref 81.3 ± 6.04 ref 74.6 ± 5.31 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 75.2 ± 8.0 0.003 82.6 ± 5.0 0.5 68.4 ± 8.94 0.09 82.4 ± 5.2 0.05
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 62.6 ± 8.8 0.01 83.1 ± 6.1 0.6 84.8 ± 11.05 0.71 98.2 ± 7.42 0.001
 Daily 84.8 ± 12.7 0.77 74.6 ± 6.2 0.21 64.1 ± 7.59 0.03 91.1 ± 8.34 0.06
 Multiple cups/day 62.5 ± 13.6 0.09 74.4 ± 7.1 0.05 69.8 ± 8.01 0.06 95.7 ± 8.2 0.002
C-Reactive Protein, mg/L 3
 Non-consumer 3.9 ± 0.2 ref 5.7 ± 0.6 ref 2.7 ± 0.4 ref 5.3 ± 0.4 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 3.0 ± 0.5 0.02 4.4 ± 0.6 0.03 2.9 ± 0.5 0.44 4.2 ± 0.3 0.05
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 2.9 ± 0.4 0.01 3.8 ± 0.7 0.01 3.3 ± 0.5 0.03 5.3 ± 0.6 0.95
 Daily 2.5 ± 0.5 0.01 3.8 ± 0.7 0.02 6.4 ± 2.6 0.21 4.1 ± 0.5 0.06
 Multiple cups/day 2.3 ± 0.4 <.0001 3.2 ± 0.4 0.002 3.3 ± 0.8 0.27 4.5 ± 0.4 0.23
Total Cholesterol, mmol/L 3
 Non-consumer 4.9 ± 0.06 ref 5.2 ± 0.1 ref 4.9 ± 0.1 ref 5.1 ± 0.1 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 4.8 ± 0.06 0.28 5.1 ± 0.1 0.40 4.9 ± 0.1 0.91 5.1 ± 0.1 0.77
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 4.9 ± 0.10 0.72 5.0 ± 0.1 0.09 4.9 ± 0.1 0.93 5.1 ± 0.1 0.99
 Daily 5.1 ± 0.14 0.3 5.1 ± 0.1 0.79 5.1 ± 0.2 0.28 5.3 ± 0.1 0.07
 Multiple cups/day 4.8 ± 0.10 0.41 5.2 ± 0.1 0.52 5.0 ± 0.1 0.36 5.1 ± 0.1 0.54
HDL -Cholesterol, mmol/L 3
 Non-consumer 1.3 ± 0.02 ref 1.5 ± 0.02 ref 1.3 ± 0.03 ref 1.6 ± 0.03 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 1.3 ± 0.02 0.88 1.5 ± 0.02 0.81 1.3 ± 0.03 0.27 1.6 ± 0.03 0.08
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 1.3 ± 0.03 0.38 1.6 ± 0.03 0.34 1.2 ± 0.03 0.01 1.5 ± 0.02 <.0001
 Daily 1.2 ± 0.04 0.22 1.5 ± 0.04 0.91 1.2 ± 0.05 0.26 1.5 ± 0.04 0.04
 Multiple cups/day 1.4 ± 0.06 0.02 1.7 ± 0.06 0.07 1.2 ± 0.05 0.22 1.4 ± 0.03 0.0001
LDL Cholesterol, mmol/L
 Non-consumer 3.0 ± 0.1 ref 2.8 ± 0.1 ref 3.0 ± 0.1 ref 2.7 ± 0.1 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 2.9 ± 0.1 0.07 2.8 ± 0.1 0.23 3.0 ± 0.1 0.98 2.8 ± 0.1 0.36
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 3.0 ± 0.1 0.75 2.7 ± 0.1 0.59 2.8 ± 0.1 0.10 2.7 ± 0.1 0.94
 Daily 2.7 ± 0.1 0.05 3.0 ± 0.1 0.06 3.2 ± 0.2 0.13 3.2 ± 0.2 0.04
 Multiple cups/day 3.3 ± 0.2 0.24 2.7 ± 0.1 0.66 3.1 ± 0.1 0.49 2.8 ± 0.1 0.31
Triglycerides, mmol/L
 Non-consumer 1.8 ± 0.2 ref 1.5 ± 0.1 ref 1.7 ± 0.2 ref 1.4 ± 0.1 ref
 Infrequent (1c/week or less) 1.7 ± 0.1 0.59 1.6 ± 0.1 0.16 1.7 ± 0.1 0.75 1.5 ± 0.1 0.19
 Weekly, but not daily (2–6c/week) 1.6 ± 0.2 0.23 1.6 ± 0.1 0.49 1.7 ± 0.2 0.81 1.6 ± 0.1 0.02
 Daily 1.6 ± 0.2 0.25 1.6 ± 0.1 0.40 1.5 ± 0.3 0.23 1.8 ± 0.2 0.04
 Multiple cups/day 1.2 ± 0.2 0.01 1.5 ± 0.1 0.61 1.6 ± 0.2 0.52 1.9 ± 0.1 0.01
1

Results presented as least-squared means adjusted for age, race, education, smoking status, household poverty: income ratio, physical activity, herbal tea consumption, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, total sugar intake, and self-reported diabetic status.

2

Results presented as least-squared means adjusted for age, race, education, smoking status, household poverty: income ratio, physical activity, herbal tea consumption, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, total sugar intake.

3

Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and C-reactive protein were collected as non-fasting samples by the NHANES.