Table 3. Pancreatic Cancer Incidence by Meat Type Within Categories of Cooking Methods (A) and Doneness Preferences (B).a.
| (A) Meat Type by Cooking Methods | Number of Subjects (Percent) N=62,581 |
Person- Years of Observation |
Number of Cases N=248 |
Cases per 100,000 Person- Years of Observation |
Relative Hazardb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicken | |||||
| Don't eat OR Stewed or boiled | 5,732 (9.3) | 56,226 | 28 | 49.8 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Roasted or baked | 36,261 (59.0) | 360,259 | 136 | 37.8 | 0.82 (0.54, 1.23) |
| Oven broiled | 5,415 ( 8.8) | 54,440 | 26 | 47.8 | 1.02 (0.59, 1.74) |
| Eat only fried chicken | 2,913 (4.7) | 28,090 | 13 | 46.3 | 0.86 (0.44, 1.66) |
| Grilled or barbequed | 11,117 (18.1) | 108,044 | 41 | 37.9 | 0.91 (0.56, 1.49) |
| Pork chops | |||||
| Don't eat pork chops | 6,784 (11.0) | 68,699 | 19 | 27.7 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Baked | 18,800 (30.4) | 187,010 | 67 | 35.8 | 1.44 (0.86, 2.40) |
| Oven broiled | 6,567 (10.6) | 65,136 | 31 | 47.6 | 1.78 (1.00, 3.17) |
| Fried | 19,115 (30.9) | 187,724 | 86 | 45.8 | 1.74 (1.05, 2.90) |
| Grilled or barbequed | 10,509 (17.0) | 102,055 | 42 | 41.2 | 1.80 (1.04, 3.13) |
| Hamburger | |||||
| Don't eat | 3,360 (5.5) | 33,871 | 11 | 32.5 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Oven broiled | 6,014 (9.8) | 60,300 | 23 | 38.1 | 1.11 (0.54, 2.30) |
| Pan fried | 18,113 (29.6) | 178,963 | 75 | 41.9 | 1.32 (0.69, 2.51) |
| Grilled or barbequed | 33,638 (55.0) | 331,061 | 133 | 40.2 | 1.43 (0.77, 2.67) |
| Steak | |||||
| Don't eat | 4,877 (7.9) | 48,589 | 20 | 41.2 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Oven broiled | 15,385 (24.9) | 153,547 | 76 | 49.5 | 1.15 (0.70, 1.89) |
| Pan fried | 6,611 (10.7) | 64,886 | 32 | 49.3 | 1.10 (0.62, 1.94) |
| Grilled or barbequed | 34,925 (56.5) | 343,999 | 119 | 34.6 | 0.93 (0.57, 1.50) |
| (B) Meat Type by Doneness Preferences |
Number of Subjects (Percent) N=62,581 |
Person- Years of Observation |
Number of Cases N=248 |
Cases per 100,000 Person- Years of Observation |
Relative Hazardb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacon/Sausage | |||||
| Don't eat | 6,884 (11.0) | 70,255 | 25 | 35.6 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Just until done | 6,050 (9.7) | 59,133 | 28 | 47.4 | 1.44 (0.83, 2.51) |
| Well done or crisp OR Charred | 49,432 (79.3) | 487,423 | 194 | 39.8 | 1.19 (0.78, 1.82) |
| Hamburger | |||||
| Don't eat | 2,932 (4.7) | 28,900 | 10 | 34.6 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Rare OR Medium rare | 4,300 (6.9) | 45,590 | 26 | 57.0 | 1.40 (0.67, 2.93) |
| Medium | 11,836 (19.0) | 120,286 | 38 | 31.6 | 0.88 (0.43, 1.78) |
| Medium well done | 16,712 (26.8) | 165,919 | 60 | 36.2 | 1.04 (0.53, 2.06) |
| Well done | 23,235 (37.3) | 223,772 | 99 | 44.2 | 1.32 (0.68, 2.55) |
| Very well done | 3,284 (5.3) | 31,708 | 15 | 47.3 | 1.39 (0.62, 3.11) |
| Steak | |||||
| Don't eat | 4,059 (6.5) | 39,238 | 13 | 33.1 | 1 (1, 1) |
| Rare OR Medium rare | 15,392 (24.7) | 151,366 | 72 | 47.6 | 1.43 (0.79, 2.61) |
| Medium | 16,754 (26.8) | 166,962 | 55 | 32.9 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.83) |
| Medium well done | 15,808 (25.3) | 156,905 | 61 | 38.9 | 1.16 (0.64, 2.13) |
| Well done | 8,345 (13.4) | 82,609 | 35 | 42.4 | 1.19 (0.62, 2.26) |
| Very well done | 2,079 (3.3) | 20,317 | 12 | 59.1 | 1.68 (0.76, 3.70) |
a
Total subject numbers may vary within categories due to missing values.
b
Relative hazard estimates adjusted for age, sex, education, race, diabetes, dietary fat intake, and cigarette smoking history (pack years and yearssince stopping).