Table 4.
Strength of evidence for immune outcomes
| A | Blood Cell Count | p<.05 | p>.05 | Grade** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basophil | 0 (2)* | 0 (1) | L | |
| Eosinphil | 1(1) | 0 (2) | C | |
| Granulocytes | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | C | |
| Lymphocytes | 4 (8) | 8 (10) | D | |
| Macrophage | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | C | |
| Monocyte | 1 (3) | 2 (8) | D | |
| White blood cell | 2 (4) | 4 (10) | D | |
| Neutrophil | 1 (7) | 2 (4) | D | |
| Thrombocytes | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | L |
| B | Cytokines Soluble Factors |
p<.05 | p>.05 | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFN-y | 2 (4) | 1 (1) | C | |
| IL-10 | 1 (1) | 0 (3) | C | |
| IL-1β | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | C | |
| IL-2 | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | C | |
| IL-4 | 1 (1) | 0 (2) | C | |
| IL-6 | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | D | |
| TNF-α | 1 (3) | 2 (4) | D | |
| Neuropeptide Y | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | C | |
| C Reactive Protein | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | D |
| C | Cell Activation | p<.05 | p>.05 | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD3 | 3 (3) | 5 (6) | D | |
| CD4 T Lymph | 6 (12) | 14 (25) | F | |
| CD4/CD8 Ratio | 2 (3) | 3 (7) | D | |
| CD8 T Lymph | 3 (7) | 9 (15) | F | |
| CD19 (B cells) | 2 (2) | 3 (5) | D | |
| CD23 | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | C | |
| CD56 (NK cells) | 7 (25) | 16 (33) | F |
| D | Immunoglobulin | p<.05 | p>.05 | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgA | 7 (16) | 5 (8) | A | |
| IgE | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | C | |
| IgG | 0 (2) | 1 (2) | C | |
| IgM | 2 (2) | 0 (1) | C |
| E | Reactivity to Antigen | p<.05 | p>.05 | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lymphocyte reactivity-ConA, Candida, CMV, MLR, PHA, PWM, VZ*** | 4 (12) | 9 (18) | F | |
| Flu frequency, duration | 0 (2) | 1 (1) | C | |
| Viral titer | 3 (7) | 6 (7) | D | |
| Skin Delayed Hypersensitivity | 0 (10) | 2 (11) | D | |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | C | |
| Colitis Activity Index | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | C |
Numbers outside of parentheses represent number of outcomes in each category with a quality assessment score greater than 72. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of outcomes in each category for all studies regardless of quality assessment score.
Grades were made according to the Natural Standard evidence-based validated grading rationale™ as depicted in Table 1. (A=strong scientific evidence, B=good scientific evidence, C=unclear or conflicting scientific evidence, D = fair negative scientific evidence, F = strong negative scientific evidence, L = lack of evidence)
ConA= Concanavalin A; CMV= Cytomegalovirus; MLR= Mixed lymphocyte reaction; PHA = phytohemagglutinin; PWM = Pokeweed Mitogen; VZ = Varicella Zoster Virus.