The mRNA expression normalized to ribosomal protein s15 is shown for enzymatic antioxidant defense (SOD-1, SOD-2, catalase, and GPX-1); insulin transcription (insulin, PDX-1, and MafA); and endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP78 and DDIT3) in islets isolated from control and PHG fetuses. Values shown are calculated by the comparative ΔCT method (CT gene of interest - CT reference gene). Gene expression was not different between control and PHG islets.