Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, ZIP codes in California, 1995–2008 (n = 23,213 ZIP code years)
| Variable | M | SD | Minimum | Maximum |
| Population | 20,867.970 | 20,864.04 | 1.000 | 110,374.000 |
| Area (mile2) | 94.996 | 254.225 | 0.010 | 3,870.944 |
| Population density (10,000/mile2) | 0.324 | 0.537 | 0.001 | 5.461 |
| Alcohol outlets/mile2 (×10) | 0.832 | 3.014 | 0.000 | 63.514 |
| Proportion bars/pubs | 0.088 | 0.112 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Proportion off-premise outlets | 0.420 | 0.227 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Lagged alcohol outlets/mile2 (×10) | 0.793 | 2.547 | 0.000 | 43.991 |
| Lagged proportion bars | 0.095 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.400 |
| Lagged proportion off-premise outlets | 0.437 | 0.110 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Percentage African American (10%) | 0.491 | 0.894 | 0.000 | 8.720 |
| Percentage Hispanic (10%) | 2.608 | 2.123 | 0.000 | 9.800 |
| Percentage White (10%) | 6.938 | 2.084 | 0.000 | 10.000 |
| Percentage age 0–19 years | 27.851 | 7.734 | 0.000 | 92.700 |
| Percentage age 20–24 years | 6.832 | 5.322 | 0.000 | 100.000 |
| Percentage age 25–44 years | 29.146 | 7.578 | 0.000 | 100.000 |
| Percentage age 45–64 years | 23.486 | 7.672 | 0.000 | 100.000 |
| Household income ($10,000) | 5.665 | 2.711 | 0.010 | 60.203 |
| Overall hospitalization rate (/100,000) | 266,678.400 | 3,225,306.000 | 0.000 | 317,400,000.000 |
| Presence of a highway (proportion yes) | 0.642 | 0.480 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| ZIP code instability | 0.705 | 3.918 | 0.000 | 63.325 |
| Retail clutter/mile2 (×10) | 2.448 | 9.870 | 0.000 | 226.388 |
| Unemployment (%) (county level) | 6.881 | 2.982 | 2.000 | 29.900 |
| Number of assault hospitalizations | 9.616 | 17.424 | 0.000 | 356.000 |