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. 2012 Dec 7;7(12):e51156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051156

Table 2. Common reasons for the illegal trade of wildlife and wildlife products.

Major Category Sub-category Wildlife Product Examples
Medicinal
Aphrodisiac Tiger penis soaked in brandy or made into soups
Traditional Rhinoceros horn to treat fever, cure cancer and alleviate other ailments
Tiger bone made into tonics to treat joint problems and lessen pain
Bear bile for inflammation and infection
Pangolin scales to reduce swelling
Manta ray gills to remove toxins
Quackery Sea turtle eggs as a cure for asthma
Tokay gecko as a cure for HIV
Pet Trade
Exotic Tropical fish
Tiger cubs and other large cats
Slow loris
Collector Ball pythons, chameleons, and other species as part of reptile trade
Live Export/Other Dolphins for marine parks and aquariums
Owls for children in India following popular Harry Potter book series
Sport
Traditional Falcon eggs for field sport of falconry
Human Consumption
Delicacy Shark fins for Asian soup
Beluga sturgeon roe as highly coveted black caviar
Sustenance Monkeys and chimpanzee species consumed as bushmeat and source of protein in developing countries
Vitality Tokay gecko wine or whiskey to increase strength and energy
Ornamental
Trophy Stuffed birds of prey (hawks, owls, and eagles) for display
Souvenirs Elephant ivory carved into chopsticks
Jewelry Red coral used to make earrings and other fashion accessories
Hair clips made from shells of the nearly extinct green sea turtle
Home Goods Sperm whale teeth with etchings and engravings
Art Butterflies for artistic greeting cards, paper weights, and other decorative products
Clothing Red panda fur for coats and hats
Shatoosh scarves woven from hair of Tibetan antelope, which must be killed in order to obtain hair
Religious
Ritual Sea turtles sacrificed as part of Hindu ritual
Leopard pelts worn during ceremonies conducted by followers of Shembe religion
Bald and golden eagle parts and feathers for Native American religious ceremonies
Superstition Critically endangered radiated tortoise thought to bring good luck if owned
Owls often sacrificed on auspicious occasions
Black Magic/Sorcery Body parts of owls are valued by black magic and sorcery practitioners
Leopard nails utilized for tantric/black magic practices