Table 3.

Selection* of the most relevant techniques and their determinant with this overview

Determinant	Behaviour change technique	Description of the activity in studies
Knowledge	Provide general information	Educational sessions or educational materials
	Increase memory or understanding of information	Group discussion, answering questions, clarification
Awareness	Risk communication	Information about risks of non adherence or inadequate hand hygiene (infection rates, costs)
	Delayed feedback of behaviour	Overview of recorded hand hygiene behaviour
	Direct feedback of behaviour	Using a system to make professionals aware of their hand hygiene behaviour soon after planned execution
	Feedback of clinical outcomes	Overview of nosocomial infections
Social influence	Provide information about peer behaviour	Information about peers’ opinions of correct hand hygiene
	Provide opportunities for social comparison	Group sessions with peers in which discussion and social comparison of hand hygiene practices can occur
	Mobilise social norm:	Exposing the professional to the social norm of important others (not peers) such as opinion leaders
Attitude	Persuasive communication	Positive consequences of proper hand hygiene
	Reinforcement of behavioural progress	Praise, encouragement, or material rewards
Self-efficacy	Modeling	Use of a role model. Demonstration of proper hand hygiene behaviour in group, class, or team
	Verbal persuasion	Messages designed to strengthen control beliefs about the way of performing correct hand hygiene
	Guided practice	Teaching skills and providing feedback. Specific instruction for correct hand hygiene behaviour
	Plan coping responses	Identification and coping with potential barriers
	Set graded tasks, goal setting:	Desired hand hygiene behaviour is achieved with a stepwise model
Intention	General intention information	Explanation of the goals and targets concerning hand hygiene
	Agree to behavioural contract	Contract or commitment with formulated goals of hand hygiene behaviour
Action control	Use of cues	Reminders
Maintenance	Following behavioural change	Not addressed
Facilitation of behaviour	Provide materials to facilitate behaviour	Supportive materials are provided for the healthcare workers
	Continuous professional support	Involves service provided by infection control team or working group, and/or an additional nurse who attends the implementation

* Only terms and definitions for techniques identified in the studies on promoting hand hygiene in healthcare workers are presented.