Plasma Hpx levels rise in response to AKI. CP, bilateral (bilat) I/R, unilateral (uni) I/R, and LPS injection each caused dramatic increases in plasma Hpx concentrations. Of note, sham surgery, used for the bilateral I/R experiment, also caused marked plasma Hpx elevations, compared with those seen in normal control mice. Only trivial, albeit statistically significant, plasma Hpx increases were observed following glycerol injection.