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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Mar 16;60(4):635–643. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03908.x

Table 4. Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Subjective and Objective Sleep Disturbances.

Multivariable models adjusted for age, race, site, education, exercise, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, self reported health status, instrumental activities of daily living impairments, cognitive impairment, number of reported medical conditions, and current use of antidepressants, benzodiazapines, and medications for sleep.

Level of Depressive Symptoms
Sleep Disturbance, Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) Normal (GDS 0–2) Some Depressive Symptoms (GDS 3–5) Depressed (GDS ≥ 6) P-trend
Subjective Sleep Disturbances
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index > 5
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 2.01 (1.69–2.40) 3.36 (2.61–4.32) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.82 (1.48–2.24) 2.84 (2.08–3.86) <.001
Epworth Sleepiness Scale > 10
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 2.16 (1.67–2.79) 1.90 (1.35–2.67) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.97 (1.47–2.64) 1.70 (1.12–2.58) <.001
Objective Sleep Disturbances
Sleep Efficiency < 85%
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 1.38 (1.13–1.68) 1.53 (1.17–2.01) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.18 (0.94–1.47) 1.27 (0.92–1.74) 0.078
Sleep Onset Latency ≥ 30 minutes
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 1.12 (0.94–1.33) 1.38 (1.09–1.73) 0.005
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 0.95 (0.78–1.15) 1.21 (0.92–1.59) 0.390
Wake After Sleep Onset ≥ 1 hour
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 1.45 (1.22–1.73) 1.73 (1.36–2.19) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.16 (0.95–1.42) 1.37 (1.03–1.83) 0.019
≥8 Long Wake Episodes
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 1.55 (1.29–1.86) 1.84 (1.45–2.33) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.25 (1.01–1.55) 1.34 (1.00–1.79) 0.019
Total Sleep Time < 5 hours (short sleeper)
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 1.82 (1.36–2.43) 1.30 (0.86–1.96) 0.006
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.39 (0.99–1.95) 0.88 (0.50–1.37) 0.877
Total Sleep Time > 8 hours (long sleeper)
 Age and site adjusted (N=3044) 1.0 (referent) 1.46 (1.15–1.86) 1.58 (1.17–2.15) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2985) 1.0 (referent) 1.26 (0.96–1.67) 1.15 (0.79–1.68) 0.223
Number Nap Episodes ≥ 5.5
 Age and site adjusted (N=2995) 1.0 (referent) 1.71 (1.40–2.08) 2.57 (2.02–3.27) <.001
 Multivariable adjusted (N=2742) 1.0 (referent) 1.49 (1.19–1.86) 2.04 (1.52–2.74) <.001