Table 1. Trends in Baseline Characteristics in Patients with an In-hospital Cardiac Arrest.
For illustrative purposes, trends in baseline characteristics are presented as 3 time periods. The P for trend is for temporal changes in these characteristics by calendar year.
| Year Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000–2003 n= 23,633 | 2004–2006 n= 32,603 | 2007–2009 n= 28,389 | P for Trend | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 67.3 (15.4) | 66.5 (15.6) | 65.9 (15.8) | < 0.001 |
| Male Sex, % | 13,582 (57.5) | 19,050 (58.4) | 16,546 (58.3) | 0.07 |
| Black Race, % | 4723 (21.8) | 6581 (21.4) | 6048 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac Arrest Characteristics, % | ||||
| Initial Cardiac Arrest Rhythm | < 0.001 | |||
| Asystole | 9423 (39.9) | 12,576 (38.6) | 9915 (34.9) | |
| Pulseless Electrical Activity | 8663 (36.7) | 13,343 (40.9) | 13,215 (46.5) | |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | 3999 (16.9) | 3878 (11.9) | 2952 (10.4) | |
| Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia | 1548 (6.6) | 2806 (8.6) | 2307 (8.1) | |
| Amiodarone Use in Resuscitation | 3290 (13.9) | 5275 (16.2) | 5169 (18.2) | < 0.001 |
| Assessed with AED | 1094 (4.6) | 3545 (10.9) | 5169 (18.2) | < 0.001 |
| Arrest at Night (11pm to 7am) | 8369 (35.9) | 11,410 (35.3) | 9880 (35.1) | 0.09 |
| Arrest on Weekend | 7570 (32.0) | 10,470 (32.1) | 9049 (31.9) | 0.12 |
| Hospital Location of Arrest | < 0.001 | |||
| Intensive Care Unit | 13,189 (55.8) | 18,852 (57.8) | 16,859 (59.4) | |
| Monitored unit | 4735 (20.0) | 7269 (22.3) | 7160 (25.2) | |
| Non-monitored unit | 5709 (24.2) | 6482 (19.9) | 4370 (15.4) | |
| Hospital-wide response activated | 21,013 (88.9) | 28,182 (86.4) | 23,559 (83.0) | < 0.001 |
| CPC Category on Admission | ||||
| 1 | 9769 (50.8) | 14,524 (49.8) | 12,902 (54.2) | |
| 2 | 5882 (30.6) | 9047 (31.0) | 6496 (27.3) | |
| 3 | 2531 (13.2) | 4090 (14.0) | 3004 (12.6) | |
| 4 or 5 | 1042 (5.4) | 1529 (5.2) | 1413 (5.9) | |
| Pre-Existing Conditions, % | ||||
| Heart Failure, this admission | 4919 (20.8) | 6702 (20.6) | 5113 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Prior Heart Failure | 6131 (25.9) | 7305 (22.4) | 5743 (20.2) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial Infarction, this admission | 4602 (19.5) | 5792 (17.8) | 4263 (15.0) | < 0.001 |
| Prior Myocardial Infarction | 5000 (21.2) | 5771 (17.7) | 4261 (15.0) | < 0.001 |
| Arrhythmia | 7850 (33.2) | 12,052 (37.0) | 8887 (31.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypotension | 6353 (26.9) | 10,065 (30.9) | 7566 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory Insufficiency | 9799 (41.5) | 14,930 (45.8) | 11,943 (42.1) | < 0.001 |
| Renal Insufficiency | 8076 (34.2) | 11,999 (36.8) | 10,062 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatic Insufficiency | 1771 (7.5) | 2947 (9.0) | 2342 (8.2) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic or Electrolyte Abnormality | 4601 (19.5) | 6646 (20.4) | 4367 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 7183 (30.4) | 10,550 (32.4) | 8944 (31.5) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline Depression in CNS Function | 3216 (13.6) | 4706 (14.4) | 3347 (11.8) | < 0.001 |
| Acute Stroke | 1037 (4.4) | 1454 (4.5) | 1155 (4.1) | 0.148 |
| Pneumonia | 3591 (15.2) | 5015 (15.4) | 4239 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
| Septicemia | 3367 (14.2) | 6037 (18.5) | 5363 (18.9) | < 0.001 |
| Major Trauma | 693 (2.9) | 1164 (3.6) | 1121 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 2909 (12.3) | 4529 (13.9) | 3846 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
| Interventions in Place Prior to the Arrest, % | ||||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 6388 (27.0) | 10,300 (31.6) | 9702 (34.2) | < 0.001 |
| Intravenous Vasopressor Medication | 6804 (28.8) | 9175 (28.1) | 9060 (31.9) | < 0.001 |
| Intravenous Antiarrhythmic Therapy | 1435 (6.1) | 1944 (6.0) | 1953 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
| Dialysis | 897 (3.8) | 1421 (4.4) | 1118 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump | 394 (1.7) | 534 (1.6) | 449 (1.6) | 0.651 |
| Pulmonary Artery Catheter | 1346 (5.7) | 1534 (4.7) | 869 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital Characteristics, % | ||||
| Geographic Region* | < 0.001 | |||
| Northeast | 2536 (11.7) | 4616 (14.7) | 3531 (12.7) | |
| Southeast | 6604 (30.5) | 8549 (27.2) | 7828 (18.2) | |
| Midwest | 5782 (26.7) | 7694 (24.5) | 6186 (22.3) | |
| Southwest | 3524 (16.3) | 5022 (16.0) | 5874 (21.2) | |
| West | 3215 (14.8) | 5522 (17.6) | 4329 (15.6) | |
| Location* | ||||
| Urban | 20,320 (93.8) | 29,722 (94.6) | 26,387 (95.1) | < 0.001 |
| Rural | 1341 (6.2) | 1681 (5.4) | 1361 (4.9) | |
| Ownership* | < 0.001 | |||
| Private | 1768 (8.2) | 3213 (10.2) | 3547 (12.8) | |
| Government | 3493 (16.1) | 5205 (16.6) | 4919 (17.7) | |
| Non-profit | 16,400 (75.7) | 22,985 (73.2) | 19,282 (69.5) | |
| Hospital Bed Size** | < 0.001 | |||
| < 250 | 5074 (23.0) | 6649 (20.9) | 4916 (17.5) | |
| 250–499 | 8546 (38.7) | 13,573 (42.6) | 12,250 (43.6) | |
| ≥ 500 | 8443 (38.3) | 11,607 (36.5) | 10,920 (38.9) | |
| Academic Hospital** | < 0.001 | |||
| Hospital with fellowship program (Major) | 6278 (28.5) | 10,794 (33.9) | 11,241 (40) | |
| Hospital with residency program (Minor) | 7485 (33.9) | 10,674 (33.5) | 8445 (30.1) | |
| Non-teaching hospital | 8300 (37.6) | 10,361 (32.6) | 8400 (29.9) | |
Abbreviations: AED, automated external defibrillator; CNS, central nervous system; CPC, cerebral performance category; SD, standard deviation.
*
Geographic Region, Location and Ownership data were missing for 3813 (4.5%) patients.
**
Hospital Bed Size and Academic Status data were missing for 2647 (3.1%) patients.