Table 2.
Experimental sites, description of the environmental conditions and management practices
| Site | Multi-location experiments (ML) | Lleida experiments (LL) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burgos (NW) | Lleida (NE) | Albacete (SE) | Cordoba (SW) | Lleida (NE) | ||||||||
| Coordinates | 42°5′N, 3°39′W | 41°40′N, 0°20′E | 39°03′N, 02°05′W | 37°51′N, 04°48′W | 41°40′N, 0°20′E | |||||||
| Altitude (m asl) | 864 | 200 | 700 | 93 | 200 | |||||||
| Soil texture | Sandy loam | Fine loam | Clay loam | Clay loam | Fine loam | |||||||
| Soil classification* | Gleyic Cambisol | Calcic Cambisol | Calcic Cambisol | Eutric Fluvisol | Calcic Cambisol | |||||||
| Harvest years | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2008 | 2009 | 2009 |
| Water regime | Rainfed | Rainfed | Irrigated | Irrigated | Rainfed | Rainfed | Rainfed | Rainfed | Rainfed | Irrigated | Rainfed | Irrigated |
| Experiment code | B06 | B07 | L06 | L07 | A06 | A07 | C06 | C07 | L08R | L08I | L09R | L09I |
| Environmental conditions from: | Sowing to heading | Sowing to anthesis | ||||||||||
| Thermal time (GDD; °C) | 940 | 986 | 1170 | 1399 | 965 | 1183 | 1349 | 1239 | 1342 | 1299 | 1144 | 1014 |
| ET0 (mm) | 282 | 263 | 347 | 247 | 303 | 344 | 259 | 228 | 273 | 259 | 243 | 239 |
| Tmin (°C) | 0·5 | 0·4 | 2·1 | 3·5 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 6·2 | 4·8 | 3·1 | 3·0 | 2·3 | 2·7 |
| Tmax (°C) | 12·1 | 11·9 | 12·8 | 13·8 | 13·8 | 14·1 | 17·0 | 16·6 | 14·1 | 14·2 | 13·4 | 12·9 |
| Water input (rainfall + irrigation, mm) | 212 | 172 | 345 | 282 | 106 | 165 | 274 | 174 | 102 | 252 | 183 | 234 |
| Environmental conditions from: | Heading to maturity | Anthesis to maturity | ||||||||||
| ET0 (mm) | 240 | 240 | 262 | 345 | 476 | 454 | 394 | 437 | 170 | 155 | 113 | 160 |
| Tmin (°C) | 9·2 | 7·7 | 12·5 | 13·3 | 12·4 | 11·7 | 14·6 | 13·2 | 11·5 | 11·3 | 11·8 | 12·7 |
| Tmax (°C) | 26·5 | 22·5 | 28·1 | 27·4 | 28·2 | 29·4 | 30·1 | 27·3 | 23·1 | 23·0 | 27·0 | 27·3 |
| Water input (rainfall + irrigation, mm) | 67 | 145 | 8·0 | 194 | 84 | 21 | 33 | 162 | 133 | 133 | 8·6 | 54 |
| Weed control | Bromoxinil + Ioxinil + MCPP | Linuron + Trifluralin and Bromoxinil + Ioxinil + MCPP | MCPP and MCPA | Clodinafop-propargyl and Tribenuron-methyl | Linuron + Trifluralin and Bromoxinil + Ioxinil + MCPP | |||||||
| N applied (kg N/ha) | ||||||||||||
| Seed bed | 24 | 24 | 80 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Top dressing | 85 | 85 | 173 | 78 | 40 | 40 | 129 | 129 | 100 | 90 | 30 | 40 |
| P applied (kg P2O5/ha) | 45 | 45 | 150 | 110 | 36 | 36 | 115 | 115 | 128 | 120 | 68 | 113 |
| K applied (kg K2O/ha) | 45 | 45 | 150 | 183 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 213 | 200 | 113 | 188 |
| Sowing date | Dec 12 | Dec 1 | Nov 19 | Nov 15 | Dec 20 | Dec 6 | Dec 22 | Dec 12 | Nov 20 | Nov 19 | Nov 24 | Nov 27 |
| Harvest date | Jul 4 | Jul 23 | Jun 23 | Jul 12 | Jul 17 | Jul 27 | Jun 30 | Jul 12 | Jul 10 | Jul 14 | Jul 13 | Jul 1 |
| Mean yield (kg/ha) | 2909 | 5362 | 4472 | 6492 | 1473 | 2771 | 3397 | 4845 | 4207 | 5416 | 5434 | 7215 |