TABLE 3—
Factors Associated With Hepatitis C Testing and Infection by Race/Ethnicity: Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Across the US Risk Factor Survey, 2009–2010
| Non-Hispanic Black |
Hispanic |
Asian |
American Indian/Alaska Native |
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| Characteristics | HCV Testing,AOR (95% CI) | HCV Positive,AOR (95% CI) | HCV Testing, AOR (95% CI) | HCV Positive, AOR (95% CI) | HCV Testing,AOR (95% CI) | HCV Positive, AOR (95% CI) | HCV Testing, AOR (95% CI) | HCV Positive,AOR (95% CI) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.17* (1.03, 1.32) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.19) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 1.29 (0.79, 2.11) | 1.21* (1.04, 1.39) | 1.74* (1.02, 2.96) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 1.41 (0.69, 2.88) |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 18–34 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35–44 | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | 0.39* (0.15, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.42, 2.03) | 1.38* (1.09, 1.76) | 1.88 (0.63, 5.58) | 1.23 (0.92, 1.65) | 3.59* (1.12, 11.50) |
| 45–54 | 0.82* (0.69, 0.97) | 2.05* (1.12, 3.76) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | 1.99 (0.97, 4.07) | 1.28* (1.01, 1.62) | 2.67 (0.94, 7.57) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.36) | 5.41* (1.81, 16.17) |
| 55–64 | 0.63* (0.53, 0.75) | 5.12* (2.86, 9.17) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 2.03 (0.92, 4.46) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) | 2.23 (0.78, 6.41) | 0.62* (0.46, 0.84) | 6.12* (1.90, 19.72) |
| ≥ 65 | 0.32* (0.26, 0.38) | 2.53* (1.29, 4.97) | 0.54* (0.42, 0.70) | 1.51 (0.62, 3.68) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.08) | 2.25 (0.73, 6.97) | 0.34* (0.23, 0.50) | 3.24 (0.64, 16.41) |
| Education level | ||||||||
| < high school (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High school graduate | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.58, 1.80) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 0.66 (0.34, 1.26) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.20) | 0.83 (0.32, 2.13) | 0.79 (0.57, 1.10) | 1.15 (0.38, 3.51) |
| Some college | 1.30* (1.06, 1.61) | 0.60 (0.34, 1.05) | 1.49* (1.20, 1.85) | 0.50 (0.24, 1.06) | 1.24 (0.91, 1.69) | 0.71 (0.27, 1.90) | 1.35 (0.96, 1.89) | 1.34 (0.38, 4.67) |
| College graduate | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 0.44* (0.22, 0.88) | 1.66* (1.30, 2.12) | 0.73 (0.33, 1.62) | 1.29 (0.95, 1.75) | 0.39* (0.16, 0.98) | 1.51* (1.03, 2.22) | 0.43 (0.09, 2.10) |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||||||
| < 25 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25 000–49 999 | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.40) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.58) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.24) | 0.48* (0.23, 0.97) | 0.66* (0.51, 0.87) | 0.40 (0.14, 1.12) |
| 50 000–74 999 | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 0.91 (0.47, 1.76) | 0.67* (0.51, 0.86) | 0.36* (0.16, 0.81) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) | 0.43 (0.17, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.34, 2.81) |
| ≥ 75 000 | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 0.43* (0.23, 0.81) | 0.69* (0.53, 0.89) | 0.30* (0.13, 0.70) | 1.40* (1.10, 1.78) | 0.25* (0.11, 0.60) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.21) | 0.12* (0.02, 0.61) |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.44) | 1.67* (1.35, 2.08) | 2.36* (1.07, 5.21) | 1.20 (0.92, 1.57) | 1.16 (0.43, 3.13) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 1.14 (0.48, 2.72) |
| Born in the United Statesa | ||||||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | … | … |
| Yes | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.20 (0.47, 3.05) | 1.37* (1.14, 1.64) | 0.89 (0.54, 1.45) | 0.81* (0.67, 0.99) | 0.62 (0.27, 1.45) | … | … |
| Hepatitis C risk factors (reference is “no”) | ||||||||
| Injection drug use | 3.67* (2.25, 6.38) | 8.05* (3.74, 17.33) | 2.61* (1.38, 4.85) | 22.61* (6.19, 82.55) | 0.91 (0.33, 2.52) | 2.28 (0.30, 17.16) | 1.96 (0.81, 4.70) | 4.43 (0.82, 23.95) |
| Blood transfusion before 1992 | 0.71 (0.45, 1.11) | 1.24 (0.63, 2.43) | 0.69 (0.42, 1.14) | 1.82 (0.58, 5.73) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.18) | 0.82 (0.18, 3.68) | 0.75 (0.31, 1.80) | 0.41 (0.07, 2.44) |
| Blood transfusion outside the US | 0.26* (0.11, 0.64) | 0.10* (0.01, 0.84) | 1.08 (0.53, 2.23) | 4.34* (1.01, 18.76) | 0.98 (0.54, 1.76) | 2.44 (0.67, 8.98) | 1.04 (0.17, 6.46) | … |
| Sexual contact with hepatitis positive person | 1.52 (0.91, 2.55) | 1.43 (0.63, 3.26) | 1.99* (1.11, 3.56) | 0.97 (0.25, 3.71) | 1.33 (0.77, 2.31) | 0.16 (0.02, 1.35) | 1.31 (0.58, 2.99) | 1.02 (0.25, 4.17) |
| Any of the above but unspecified | 1.46 (0.86, 2.50) | 1.76 (0.73, 4.26) | 1.21 (0.61, 2.40) | 3.43 (0.75, 15.72) | 1.13 (0.53, 2.41) | 0.80 (0.18, 3.65) | 0.98 (0.34, 2.85) | 2.65 (0.43, 16.4) |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; HCV = hepatitis C virus. The model is adjusted for all of the variables listed in this table in addition to language of interview for Hispanics and Asians only. HCV risk factor information was collected in 2010 only (n = 29 727). Therefore, the AOR and 95% CI correspond to the sample collected in 2010.
a
Almost all American Indians/Alaska Natives were born in the United States; therefore, we did not include this variable in the model for this group.
*P < .05.