Table 1.

Connectivity changes in the human brain observed in response to focal rTMS

Connectivity Measurement	Stimulation	Connectivity Change	Comments	References
Dual-Coil TMS during rest	Inhibitory rTMS to primary motor cortex	Decreased inter-hemispheric inhibition with contralateral M1	Difficult to exclude local effects (although persists when the strength of the conditioning stimulus is adjusted)	(Pal, Hanajima et al. 2005)
Dual-Coil TMS during rest and task	Inhibitory rTMS (continuous theta burst) to the anterior intraparietal area	Decreased connectivity between ventral premotor and M1 during grasp preparation	Effects were context dependent (not seen during rest)	(Davare, Rothwell et al. 2010)
Resting state EEG coherence	Excitatory rTMS to primary motor cortex	Decreased ipsilateral cortico-cortical alpha band coherence		(Oliviero, Strens et al. 2003; Fuggetta, Pavone et al. 2008)
Resting state EEG coherence	Inhibitory rTMS to primary motor cortex	Increased ipsilateral cortico-cortical alpha band coherence	Effects observed up to 25 min post stimulation	(Strens, Oliviero et al. 2002)
Resting state EEG coherence	Excitatory rTMS to the left frontal area	Increased directed coherence from stimulated site to other cortical nodes (especially parietal)	Intra-hemispheric change more pronounced than the inter-hemispheric change	(Jing and Takigawa 2000)
Task-based EEG coherence	Inhibitory rTMS to the premotor area	Increase in task related coherence between motor regions		(Chen, Mima et al. 2003)
Task-based EEG coherence	Inhibitory rTMS to the right inferior frontal junction	Decreased ipsilateral alpha band coherence during task		(Zanto, Rubens et al. 2011)
Resting state TMS-PET	Excitatory rTMS to the left DLPFC	Increased connectivity from DLPFC to cingulate regions	Difficult to exclude local effect of rTMS on the DLPFC	(Paus, Castro-Alamancos et al. 2001).
Resting state functional connectivity with PET	Inhibitory rTMS to the left temporal-parietal junction	Decreased connectivity between the stimulated node and a wide variety of regions	Difficult to exclude local effect of rTMS on the TPJ, performed in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations	(Horacek, Brunovsky et al. 2007)
Task-based effective connectivity with PET	Inhibitory rTMS to primary motor cortex	Decreased connectivity between stimulated M1 and premotor / mesial motor areas. Increased coupling between an inferomedial portion of M1 and anterior motor areas.		(Lee, Siebner et al. 2003)
Task-based effective connectivity with fMRI	Excitatory rTMS to primary sensory cortex	Increased effective connectivity from S1 to M1	Persists up to 120 min; correlated with behavioral improvement in tactile discrimination	(Pleger, Blankenburg et al. 2006)
Task-based effective connectivity with fMRI	Inhibitory rTMS to contralesional M1 in stroke patients	Increased effective connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and ipsilesional SMA	Related to clinical improvement in the movement of the paretic hand	(Grefkes, Nowak et al. 2010).
Resting state fcMRI	Inhibitory rTMS to the left TPJ versus sham	Increased connectivity between the left TPJ and the right insula	Performed in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations	(Vercammen, Knegtering et al. 2010)
Resting state fcMRI	Inhibitory rTMS to the left DLPFC versus sham stimulation	Decreased connectivity between the DMN and lateral temporal cortices; trend towards decreased connectivity with the hippocampus.		(van der Werf, Sanz-Arigita et al. 2010)
Resting state fcMRI	Excitatory and Inhibitory rTMS to the left inferior parietal lobule	Excitatory: Decreased connectivity within the DMN Inhibitory: Increased connectivity with hippocampus		(Eldaief, Halko et al. 2011)