Doctors often recommend drinking extra fluids to patients with respiratory infections. Theoretical benefits for this advice are replacing insensible fluid losses from fever and respiratory tract evaporation, correcting dehydration from reduced intake, and reducing the viscosity of mucus.1,2 To many this advice is self evident and justified on the basis that even if the benefit is uncertain, or at best small, at least it is harmless.
However, there are theoretical reasons for increased fluid intake to cause harm. Antidiuretic hormone conserves fluid by stimulating water reabsorption from the renal collecting ducts. Increased antidiuretic hormone secretion has been reported in adults and children with lower respiratory tract infections of bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia of viral and bacterial aetiology.3,4 It is uncertain if this also occurs in upper respiratory tract infections.
Several mechanisms have been proposed for this increased hormone secretion, acting through fever, hypoxia, hypercarbia, pain, emotion, or nausea. Secretion may be stimulated by a resetting of osmostat receptors to lower levels.3 Also, lung hyperinflation and pulmonary infiltrates may stimulate hormone secretion by causing a false perception of hypovolaemia by intrathoracic receptors.4 This would be in keeping with findings that antidiuretic hormone secretion in pneumonia increases proportionally with the extent of lung parenchymal involvement.3
Giving extra fluids while antidiuretic hormone secretion is increased may theoretically lead to hyponatraemia and fluid overload. Clinical symptoms of hyponatraemia are irritability, confusion, lethargy, coma, and convulsions. Fluid restriction may be appropriate management to prevent this.
Methods and results
To determine whether recommending increased fluids was beneficial or harmful, we undertook a systematic review and posed three questions:
Does recommending increased fluid intake for acute respiratory infections improve duration and severity of symptoms?
Are there adverse effects from this recommendation? Are any benefits or harm related to site (upper or lower respiratory tract) or severity of illness?
Using the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group search strategy, together with additional terms (see bmj.com for details), we did a conventional search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline (1966-2003), Embase (1974-2003), and Current Contents (1966-2003). We examined references of relevant papers and contacted experts in the subject.
We found no randomised controlled trials comparing increased and restricted fluid regimens in patients with respiratory infections. Two prospective prevalence studies reported hyponatraemia at rates of 31% and 45% for children with moderate to severe pneumonia (see table).1,2 None of these children showed clinical signs of dehydration. Symptoms associated with hyponatraemia were not reported, but four children with a serum sodium below 125 mmol/l died during one study.
Table 1.
Studies showing hyponatraemia in non-dehydrated patients with respiratory infections
| Study | No of patients | Age | Diagnosis | Exclusions | Serum sodium level (mmol/l) | Serum or urine osmolality | Symptoms associated with low sodium level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dhawan et al 19922 | 100 | 1 month-12 years | Pneumonia | Clinical dehydration | 31 patients had Na <130 | Serum dilute in 29, concentrated in 2 (probable dehydration) | 4 died, Na <125 mmol/l |
| Shann et al 19851 | 73 | ≥1 month | Pneumonia | Clinical dehydration | 33 patients had Na <134 | — | Hyponatraemia 2-3 times more frequent with severe pneumonia |
| Rivers et al 19815 | 4 | 6-8 weeks and 6 months | 3 bronchiolitis, 1 pneumonia | — | 3 patients had Na 114-124 | Concentrated urine, or not maximally dilute urine | Seizures in one patient with bronchiolitis |
We also found several case series in which patients with respiratory infections developed hyponatraemia, of which some were symptomatic (table).5 These patients were all successfully treated with fluid restriction.
Comment
We found data to suggest that giving increased fluids to patients with respiratory infections may cause harm. To date there are no randomised controlled trials to provide definitive evidence, and these need to be done. Until we have this evidence, we should be cautious about universally recommending increased fluids to patients, especially those with infections of the lower respiratory tract.
Supplementary Material
Extra details about the search strategy used and tables detailing results from other studies appear on bmj.com
We thank Ruth Foxlee, Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group Trials Search Coordinator, for performing the searches.
Contributors: CBDM conceived and supervised the study, and prepared the manuscript. MPBG and SMM undertook the search, and contributed to writing the manuscript. CBDM is the guarantor for the study.
Funding: The post of academic research registrar is funded by General Practice Education and Training.
Competing interests: None declared.
References
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