Figure 1. Activated lymphocytes induce the maturation and type-1 polarization of autologous dendritic cells. Expanded lymphocytes restimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies or anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 microbeads rapidly secrete high levels of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which induce the maturation and type-1 polarization of autologous dendritic cells (DCs). The type-1 DCs (DC1s) induced by restimulated lymphocytes or their culture supernatant, express the lymph node-homing chemokine receptor CCR7 and migrate in response to CCL21. Upon CD40L stimulation, lymphocyte- and supernatant-matured DCs secrete high levels of biologically functional interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) and IP-10. Tumor-peptide-loaded supernatant-matured DCs efficiently induce the expansion of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).