Table 3.

Factors associated with osteopenia (defined as lumbar spine 2^nd–4^th bone mineral density Z-score ≤ −2.0)

Characteristics	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Body mass index below 5 percentile	3.50 (1.31–9.33)	0.012	-	-
Weight for age Z-score below −1.5	7.50 (2.73–20.57)	< 0.001	-	-
Height for age Z-score below −1.5	7.06 (2.58–19.29)	<0.001	6.19 (2.17–17.69)	0.001
Tanner stage 1–2 (vs. stage 3–5)	2.26 (0.88–5.82)	0.092	-	-
WHO clinical classification prior to ART
Stage 4 (vs. non stage 4)	4.89 (1.83–13.03)	0.002	3.67 (1.26–10.67)	0.017
Current ART regimen (PI vs. NNRTI)	2.01 (0.78–5.16)	0.147	-	-
Duration of tenofovir (month)	0.92 (0.77–1.09)	0.325	-	-
Current plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/ml	0.42 (0.11–1.64)	0.214	-	-
25-hydroxyvitamin D level
< 20 ng/ml (vs. ≥ 20 ng/ml)	1.35 (0.48–3.77)	0.567	-	-

NOTE: ART, antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor