Primary epithelial cells from FT, EM, and Cx, were treated apically and basolaterally with 5×10−8M E2 for 24 hr and real-time RT-PCR was used to determine expression of NOD1, NOD2, RIG-1, and MDA5. After normalization to endogenous control β-actin, each sample was further calibrated to its own untreated control and expressed as relative fold change. Data from three distinct FT (black), three EM (white), and four Cx (grey) are shown. A ≥2-fold change was considered to be significant.