Figure 6.

Effects of GE and GSs on MMP-9 reporter gene expression. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were transiently transfected with a pGL3-MMP-9 promoter construct. Cells were treated with (a) GE, TGSs, or (b) individual GSs (i.e., Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rg3) in the presence of PMA. After incubation for 24 h, cells were harvested, lysed, and subsequently assayed for luciferase and β-galactosidase activities. All values are expressed as the mean ± SD of relative luciferase units/β-galactosidase activity. Experiments were performed at least three times. ^# P < 0.05 compared with the vehicle group, *P < 0.05 compared with the PMA group. GE: ginseng extract; TGSs: total ginsenosides; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.