Table 3.

Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in relation to conventional cardiovascular risk factors

	Left atrial enlargement *			Left ventricular hypertrophy *			Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction *
	Odds ratio	95% CI	p	Odds ratio	95% CI	p	Odds ratio	95% CI	p
Age, (+10 years)	2.67	1.45-4.93	0.002	1.49	1.11-2.01	0.009	3.08	2.40-3.95	<0.001
Gender, (1 = man, 0 = woman)	0.31	0.05-1.94	0.21	0.78	0.36-2.17	0.78	0.87	0.44-1.74	0.70
Body height, (+10 cm)	1.09	0.37-3.20	0.88	0.72	0.36-1.44	0.35	1.04	0.64-1.69	0.88
Body weight, kg	1.10	1.03-1.18	0.003	1.02	0.98-1.07	0.31	1.06	1.02-1.09	<0.001
Current drinking, (1 = yes, 0 = no)	3.16	0.88-11.33	0.08	–	–	–	–	–	–
Plasma glucose, mmol/L	1.29	1.06-1.55	0.009	–	–	–	–	–	–
Systolic blood pressure, (+10 mmHg)	–	–	–	1.21	1.02-1.44	0.03	–	–	–
Diastolic blood pressure, (+10 mmHg)	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.29	1.03-1.62	0.02

* Multinomial logistic regression was applied for left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy; and multinomial ordinal logistic regression for left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with 0 = normal, 1 = mild diastolic dysfunction, and 2 = moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction. In stepwise logistic regression, we forced age, gender, body weight and body height in the model, and considered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, current smoking and drinking, the use of antihypertensive drugs, plasma glucose, and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio as potential confounders. P value for variables to enter or stay in the model was set at <0.10. CI, confidential interval.