Table 1.
Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Blood of Patients with Epilepsy
| AED | Findings | Materials | Subject | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valproic acid | LP | ↑ | Erc | Childhood | [76, 99] |
| ↑ | Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86] | ||
| ↑/-/- | Serum | Childhood | [90, 91, 100]*/[101] | ||
| (15F-2t-isoP) | ↑ | Urine | Childhood | [95] | |
| 8-OHdG | ↑ | Serum | Childhood | [90] | |
| ↑ | Leukocytes | Adult | [96] | ||
| TAC | ↓ | Serum | Childhood | [90] | |
| ↓ | Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86] | ||
| TOS/XO | ↑/- | Serum | Childhood | [90]/[101] | |
| SOD | ↓ | Erc | Adult | [92]/[98] | |
| ↑/- | Erc | Childhood | [89, 91]/[100]* | ||
| - | Plasma | Childhood | [102] | ||
| GPX | -/↓ | Erc | Adult | [92] | |
| ↓/↑/↓a | Erc | Childhood | [91, 99]/[93]*/[100] | ||
| ↑/- | Plasma/Serum | Childhood | [102] | ||
| ↑ | Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86] | ||
| GR | ↑a /↓ | Erc | Childhood | [100]/[93] | |
| Se | -/↓a | Plasma/Serum | Childhood | [99]/[94] | |
| -/↑ | Serum | Adolescent and adult | [86, 92] | ||
| Nitrite/nitrate | ↑ | Serum | Childhood | [103] | |
| NO | - | Serum | Childhood | [86] | |
| GSH | ↓ | Erc | Childhood | [100]* | |
| - | Plasma | Adult | [98]* | ||
| Phenytoin | LP | ↑/↑ | Serum | Adult/ Uncertain | [88]/[97] |
| TAC | ↓ | Serum | Uncertain | [97] | |
| SOD | ↑ | Serum | Adult | [88] | |
| GSH | ↓ | Serum/Plasma | Adult | [88]/[103]* | |
| Carbamazepine | LP | ↑ | Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86] |
| (15F-2t-isoP) | - | Urine | Childhood | [95] | |
| (MDA) | ↓ | Erc | Childhood | [93] | |
| - | Serum | Childhood | [104, 105] | ||
| Total peroxide | ↑ | Plasma | Childhood | [80] | |
| 8-OHdG | ↑ | Leukocytes | Adult | [96] | |
| TAC | ↓ | Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86] | |
| SOD | -/↓ | Erc | Adult | [92] | |
| ↑/- | Erc | Childhood | [89]/[88, 103, 106] | ||
| Carbamazepine | ↑ | Serum | Adult | [88] | |
| GPX | -/↓ | Erc | Adult | [92] | |
| ↑/- | Erc | Childhood | [93, 106]* | ||
| - | Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86] | ||
| CAT | ↓ | Erc | Adult | [92] | |
| Se | - | Erc/Plasma | Adolescent and adult | [86, 92] | |
| Nitrite/nitrate | ↑ | Serum | Children | [103] | |
| GSH | ↓ | Erc | Childhood | [100]* | |
| ↓ | Plasma | Adult | [98]* | ||
| Phenobarbital | Lipid hydroperoxide | ↑ | Plasma | Childhood | [80] |
| SOD/GPX | ↓ | Erc | Adult | [92] | |
| GPX/GR | -/↑ | Plasma | Childhood/Adult | [79, 107]/[35] | |
| Levetiracetam | 8-OHdG | - | Leukocytes | Adult | [96] |
| LP (15F-2t-isoP) | ↑ | Urine | Adult | [108] | |
| Oxcarbazepine | LP / Nitrite/nitrate | ↓/↓ | Serum | Childhood | [86] |
| GPX/SOD | -/- | Erc | Adults | [109] |
a
Only in patients with a severe adverse effect related to valproic acid therapy
*
Healthy control
↓ decreased; ↑ increased; - no significant changes observed; CAT: Catalase; Erc: Erythrocytes; GPX: Glutathione peroxidase; GR: Glutathione reductase; GSH: Glutathione; LP – Lipid peroxidation; MDA: Malondialdehyde; NO: Nitric oxide; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; TOS: total oxidative status; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; 15F-2t-isoP: 15-F(2t)-isoprostane.