Table 1.

Participant Characteristics Across Studies

Study	No. of pairs	No. of male pairs	No. of female pairs	Age Range	CWS’ Time since onset	CWS’ severity	SES data
Bernstein Ratner & Silverman (2000); Silverman & Bernstein Ratner 2002)	14	12	2	28–48 mos.	Average: 2.53 mos; Max. 4 mos.	Average stuttering frequency: 9.5%	Matched for years of maternal education
Hall et al. (2007); Wagovich & Hall, (2007); Wagovich, Hall & Clifford (2009)	5	3	2	25–44 mos.	Average: 5 mos; Max. 8 mos.	Minimum stuttering frequency: 3%; mild- to- moderate rating	Not matched for years of maternal education; all mothers had completed at least secondary
Pawlowska, Brown, Redden & Weber-Fox (2008)	12	7	5	49–59 mos.		Minimum stuttering frequency: 3%; mild- to- moderate rating	Most pairs matched within 4 years of maternal education