Figure 3. Maternal VLDLR deletion elevates PAFs in pups and diminishes PAFAH in milk.

a–b, PAF levels were increased in the skin (a) and intestine (b) of the pups nursed by Vldlr^−/−mothers compared to the pups nursed by WT control mothers. Tissue lipids were analyzed by MRM LC-MS/MS to quantify PAF-C16 (left) and PAF-C18 (right) levels (n=3). The results were normalized to d4-PAF-C16 or d4-PAF-C18 internal control, respectively. P, postnatal day. c, PAFAH activity was decreased in the milk of Vldlr^−/− mothers compared to WT mothers (n=4). d, PAFAH activity was decreased in the plasma of the pups nursed by Vldlr^−/− mothers compared to the pups nursed by WT mothers (n=8). For a, b, d, the pups nursed by Vldlr^−/− mothers were Vldlr+/−, and the pups nursed by WT mothers were WT. e, PAFAH activity was decreased in the culture medium of Vldlr^−/− macrophages compared to WT macrophages that were differentiated from bone marrow (BM) or splenocyte (Sp) (n=4). For e, 1×10⁶ macrophages were differentiated from 1.5×10⁶ bone marrow cells or 5×10⁶ splenocytes of Vldlr^−/− mice or WT control mice (male, 3 month old). PAFAH activity was normalized to macrophage cell number (×10⁶). Statistical analyses were performed with Student’s t-Test and all data are shown as mean ± standard deviation; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.005; ****, p<0.001.