Table 2.
Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to selected characteristics
| Person-years | No. of HCC | Crude RR (95% CI) | Adjusted HRa(95% CI) | Adjusted HRb(95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HBsAg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Negative |
57,319 |
28 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
| |
Positive |
3,115 |
18 |
12.0 (6.6-21.7) |
12.5 (6.9-22.7) |
13.3 (7.3-24.4) |
| |
Unknown |
2,737 |
4 |
2.7 (0.9-7.8) |
2.4 (0.8-7.0) |
0.1 (0.01-0.5) |
| Anti-HCV |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Negative |
56,516 |
31 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
| |
Positive |
3,880 |
15 |
6.9 (3.7-12.7) |
7.0 (3.8-13.1) |
6.7 (3.6-12.6) |
| |
Unknown |
2,774 |
4 |
2.5 (0.9-7.0) |
2.3 (0.8-6.5) |
0.1 (0.01-0.4) |
| FBS (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
<100 |
26,930 |
15 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
100-126 |
11,737 |
11 |
1.6 (0.7-3.5) |
1.6 (0.7-3.4) |
|
| |
≥126 |
5,746 |
6 |
1.8 (0.7-4.6) |
1.6 (0.6-4.1) |
|
| |
Unknown |
18,757 |
18 |
1.7 (0.9-3.4) |
1.7(0.9-3.4) |
|
| AST (U/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
<35 |
48,247 |
11 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
≥35 |
11,890 |
36 |
13.5 (6.9-26.6) |
11.3 (5.7-22.5) |
|
| |
Unknown |
3,033 |
3 |
3.8 (1.0-13.8) |
3.6 (0.99-13.2) |
|
| ALT (U/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
<30 |
47,841 |
15 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
≥30 |
12,374 |
32 |
8.5 (4.6-15.7) |
8.3 (4.4-15.6) |
|
| |
Unknown |
2,955 |
3 |
2.8 (0.8-9.9) |
2.8 (0.8-9.9) |
|
| Alcohol drinking (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
0-23.9 |
51,193 |
30 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
≥24 |
7,214 |
16 |
3.8 (2.1-7.0) |
2.2 (1.1-4.4) |
|
| |
Unknown |
4,763 |
4 |
1.4 (0.5-4.0) |
1.0 (0.3-2.8) |
|
| Tobacco smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never smoker |
40,375 |
20 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
Past smoker |
4,826 |
7 |
3.1 (1.3-7.3) |
1.2 (0.4-3.3) |
|
| |
Current smoker |
17,638 |
23 |
2.7 (1.5-4.8) |
1.3 (0.6-2.6) |
|
| |
Unknown |
331 |
0 |
- |
- |
|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
<18.5 |
2,463 |
2 |
0.8 (0.2-3.5) |
0.72(0.17-3.06) |
|
| |
18.5-22.9 |
25,634 |
25 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
23.0-24.9 |
15,241 |
8 |
0.5 (0.2-1.2) |
0.6 (0.3-1.4) |
|
| |
≥25.0 |
18,780 |
13 |
0.7 (0.4-1.4) |
0.96 (0.5-1.9) |
|
| |
Unknown |
1,052 |
2 |
2.1 (0.5-8.7) |
2.2 (0.5-9.5) |
|
| History of acupuncture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never |
27,378 |
27 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
Ever |
27,998 |
20 |
0.8 (0.4-1.4) |
0.8 (0.5-1.5) |
|
| |
Unknown |
7,794 |
3 |
0.4 (0.1-1.3) |
0.5 (0.2-1.7) |
|
| History of transfusion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
No |
40,673 |
31 |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
|
| |
Yes |
2,132 |
2 |
1.3 (0.3-5.4) |
1.5 (0.4-6.4) |
|
| Unknown | 20,365 | 17 | 0.98 (0.5-1.8) | 1.1 (0.6-2.0) |
HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HCV, antibodies against hepatitis C virus; FBS, fasting blood sugar; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. aAge- and sex-adjusted. bAge-, sex- and HBsAg/anti-HCV positivity-adjusted.