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. 2012 Oct 23;7:81. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-81

Table 2.

Common major structural malformations in the trisomy 18 syndrome

Frequency Organ/System Prevalent type of malformation
Common (>75%)
heart
septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and polyvalvular disease
Frequent (25-75%)
genitourinary
horseshoe kidney
Less frequent (5-25%) gastrointestinal
omphalocele, esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula, pyloric stenosis, Meckel diverticulum
central nervous system
cerebellar hypoplasia, agenesis of corpus callosum, polymicrogyria, spina bifida
craniofacial
orofacial clefts
eye
microphthalmia, coloboma, cataract, corneal opacities
limb radial aplasia/hypoplasia

From Jones [52], Baty et al. [49].