Table 2. Changes in individual, interpersonal and services-related predictors of ongoing drug use in univariate GEE models (N = 370).
| Characteristics | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | 9 months | Crude OR of Drug Use | |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | (+) Urine Heroin Test | Reported Drug Use | |||||
| I. Individual | ||||||||||
| 1.1. Demographic | ||||||||||
| Employment | ||||||||||
| Unemployed: | 147 | (39.7) | 142 | (38.5) | 128 | (35.3) | 107 | (31.3) | 1.00 | 1.20 |
| Unworkable due to illness | 64 | (17.3) | 32 | (8.9) | 29 | (8.4) | 19 | (5.7) | 1.27 | 1.21 |
| Can't get a job | 39 | (10.5) | 21 | (5.9) | 9 | (2.6) | 13 | (3.9) | 0.59* | 1.11 |
| 1.2. Morbidity | ||||||||||
| Had hospital admission last 3 months | 131 | (35.4) | 9 | (2.4) | 12 | (3.3) | 15 | (4.4) | 1.20 | 1.12 |
| Had health concerns | 61 | (16.5) | 96 | (26.8) | 63 | (18.2) | 71 | (21.1) | 0.91 | 1.61** |
| III. Interpersonal | ||||||||||
| Not satisfied with cohabitants | 15 | (4.1) | 5 | (1.4) | 8 | (2.3) | 3 | (0.9) | 0.95 | 0.46 |
| Have conflicts with others | 79 | (21.4) | 24 | (6.7) | 24 | (6.9) | 16 | (4.8) | 1.14 | 1.32 |
| Have IDU cohabitant | 29 | (7.8) | 15 | (4.2) | 15 | (4.3) | 14 | (4.2) | 0.94 | 1.11 |
| Had injected partners | 45 | (32.4) | 15 | (8.1) | 18 | (10.7) | 21 | (13.0) | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| IV. Services access and utilization | ||||||||||
| 4.1. Referral | ||||||||||
| VCT | 253 | (68.8) | 253 | (70.7) | 225 | (64.8) | 232 | (69.1) | 0.86 | 0.80* |
| OI treatment | 106 | (28.7) | 140 | (39.1) | 149 | (42.9) | 161 | (47.9) | 0.72* | 0.83 |
| TB treatment | 133 | (36.0) | 161 | (45.0) | 162 | (46.7) | 172 | (51.2) | 0.61** | 0.64** |
| Mental health care | 35 | (9.5) | 82 | (22.9) | 81 | (23.3) | 105 | (31.3) | 0.61** | 0.59** |
| Other health service | 32 | (8.7) | 28 | (7.8) | 13 | (3.8) | 15 | (4.5) | 1.32 | 1.29 |
| Social integration services | 71 | (19.2) | 93 | (26.1) | 125 | (36.0) | 135 | (40.2) | 0.74* | 0.90 |
| Peer-education | 79 | (21.4) | 122 | (34.1) | 128 | (36.9) | 132 | (39.3) | 0.64** | 0.73* |
| Social services(loan, housing,) | 20 | (5.4) | 40 | (11.2) | 49 | (14.1) | 60 | (17.9) | 0.48** | 0.40*** |
| Legal services | 10 | (2.7) | 27 | (7.5) | 33 | (9.5) | 46 | (13.7) | 0.48** | 0.47** |
| 4.2. Utilization | ||||||||||
| VCT | 222 | (60.2) | 220 | (61.5) | 119 | (34.4) | 131 | (39.0) | 1.01 | 1.19 |
| OI treatment | 20 | (5.4) | 16 | (4.5) | 18 | (5.2) | 44 | (13.1) | 0.97 | 1.19 |
| TB treatment | 26 | (7.1) | 12 | (3.4) | 10 | (2.9) | 24 | (7.1) | 1.31 | 2.36** |
| Mental health care | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.3) | 2 | (0.6) | 0 | (0.0) | n/a | n/a |
| Other health service | 15 | (4.1) | 12 | (3.4) | 6 | (1.7) | 10 | (3.0) | 0.90 | 1.21 |
| Social integration services | 13 | (3.5) | 21 | (5.9) | 22 | (6.4) | 17 | (5.1) | 1.08 | 1.37 |
| Peer-education | 28 | (7.6) | 33 | (9.2) | 25 | (7.2) | 27 | (8.0) | 0.50* | 0.58* |
| Social services(loan, housing,.) | 3 | (0.8) | 3 | (0.8) | 5 | (1.5) | 5 | (1.5) | 0.49 | n/a |
| Legal services | 1 | (0.3) | 3 | (0.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (0.9) | n/a | 1.29 |
Note: * p<0.3; ** p<0.05; ***p<0.01.
n/a: not applicable.