Table II.
Descriptive characteristics of participants with diabetes by glycemic control (N=209).
| Variables | N | Good control HbA1c < 7% N (%) |
Poor control HbA1c ≥ 7% N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 209 | 73 (34.9) | 136 (65.1) |
| HbA1c level | 209 | 6.4 (0.02) | 8.6 (0.1) |
| Age, Mean (SD) | 209 | 80.7 (3.9) | 81.2 (4.2) |
| Gender (female) | 130 | 43 (60.2) | 87 (61.1) |
|
Education
** < 8 years ≥ 8 years |
133 57 |
40 (59.3) 28 (43.7) |
93 (73.8) 29 (26.2) |
| Language of interview
** English Spanish |
54 155 |
24 (40.5) 49 (59.5) |
30 (20.9) 106 (79.1) |
|
Marital status Married Unmarried |
96 113 |
32 (43.5) 41 (56.5) |
64 (45.4) 72 (54.6) |
|
Nativity
** US-born Foreign-born |
123 86 |
49 (72.7) 24 (27.3) |
74 (52.6) 62 (47.4) |
| Income < 15,000 15,000 < 30,000 ≥ 30,000 |
80 86 30 |
20 (30.1) 33 (46.6) 13 (23.3) |
60 (40.7) 53 (41.3) 17 (18.0) |
|
Current smokers Yes No |
106 103 |
38 (59.6) 35 (40.4) |
68 (50.3) 68 (49.7) |
|
Current drinker Yes No |
85 124 |
24 (33.3) 49 (66.7) |
61 (43.3) 75 (56.7) |
|
Hypertension Yes No |
156 50 |
58 (80.6) 14 (19.4) |
98 (74.2) 36 (25.8) |
|
Heart attack Yes No |
50 156 |
18 (22.9) 53 (77.1) |
32 (24.3) 103 (75.7) |
|
Stroke Yes No |
45 162 |
19 (23.9) 53 (76.1) |
26 (19.8) 109 (80.2) |
|
High depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) Yes No |
48 156 |
13 (19.1) 60 (80.9) |
35 (26.1) 96 (73.9) |
|
BMI (Kg/m2) 18.5 – < 25 25 – 30 ≥ 30 Missing or < 18.5 Mean (SD) ** |
45 74 55 35 209 |
13 (13.2) 27 (35.4) 20 (31.3) 13 (20.3) 28.4 (4.9) |
32 (21.2) 47 (28.9) 35 (33.3) 22 (16.6) 29.1 (4.2) |
|
Hospitalization in the past year Yes No |
68 140 |
22 (31.8) 50 (68.2) |
46 (34.2) 90 (65.8) |
|
Physician visits in the past year 0 – 1 ≥ 2 |
18 190 |
11 (7.5) 124 (92.5) |
7 (12.7) 66 (87.3) |
Note: “N” varies due missing data
*
p-value <0.01
**
p-value <0.001
***
p-value <0.0001
CES-D= Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, BMI=Body Mass Index