Table 1.
Characteristics of Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes, 0–19 Years Old, for Treatment Year 2009
| Patients with Turkish origin | Patients without migration background | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1,695 | 19,802 | |
| Male (%) | 51.2 | 53.0 | 0.958 |
| Age (years) in 2009 | 12.4 (4.1) | 12.6 (4.2) | 0.405 |
| Diabetes duration (years) in 2009 | 4.7 (3.9) | 5.3 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI-SDS | 0.62 (0.97) | 0.44 (0.89) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.2 (1.5) | 7.9 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Number of outpatient visits in 2009 | 4.7 (2.3) | 4.1 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Number of blood glucose measurements per day | 5.8 (1.8) | 6.1 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Proportion of patients with Turkish background living in Germany since diabetes onset (%) | 90.9 | ||
| Indicators for area-level socioeconomic status | |||
| High school education (%) | 33.2 (32.7–33.6) | 29.1 (29.0–29.2) | <0.001 |
| High vocational education (%) | 11.3 (11.1–11.5) | 10.1 (10.0–10.1) | <0.001 |
| Low vocational education (%) | 56.1 (55.6–56.5) | 58.6 (58.5–58.7) | <0.001 |
| No vocational education (%) | 14.2 (14.1–14.4) | 14.6 (14.6–14.7) | <0.001 |
| Foreign nationality (%) | 10.2 (9.9–10.5) | 8.6 (8.5–8.6) | <0.001 |
| Population density (persons per m2) | 1,222 (1,343) | 759.5 (957.7) | <0.001 |
| Income (Euros per year and person) | 18,597 (2,234) | 19,327 (2,243) | <0.001 |
| Welfare recipients (%) | 0.394 (0.386–0.402) | 0.353 (0.351–0.356) | <0.001 |
| Living space (m2 per person) | 40.8 (3.3) | 42.1 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed (%) | 9.1 (8.9–9.2) | 7.6 (7.5–7.6) | <0.001 |
| Pump therapy (%) | 22.8 (20.8–24.8) | 31.8 (31.1–32.4) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SD) or mean (95% confidence interval) values as indicated.
a
Kruskal–Wallis or χ2 test, with Bonferroni–Holm adjustment.
BMI-SDS, body mass index SD score; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.