Table I.

DNA methylation changes associated with in utero MTSE

Observed change	Sample studied	Methodology	Reference
Hypomethylation of the CYP1A1 promoter	Placenta	Bisulfite sequencing	Suter et al. (2010a, b)
Global, site-specific, CpG methylation changes	Placenta	Illumina Infinium Array	Suter et al. (2011a, b)
Decreased AluYb8 methylation	Placenta	Bisulfite pyrosequencing	Wilhelm-Benartzi et al. (2012)
Global DNA methylation inversely correlates with cotinine levels	Cord blood	ELISA	Guerrero-Preston et al. (2010)
AluYb8 methylation decreases	Buccal cells	Bisulfite pyrosequencing	Breton et al. (2009)
AXL promoter methylation increases	Buccal cells	Bisulfite pyrosequencing	Breton et al. (2011)
Decrease in Sat2 methylation	Peripheral blood granulocytes	MethyLight Assay	Flom et al. (2011)
Increased IGF2 DMR methylation	Cord blood	Bisulfite pyrosequencing	Soubry et al. (2011); Murphy et al. (2012)
Altered methylation of 26 individual CpGs associated with six genes	Cord blood	450 K array	Joubert et al. (2012)