Table 1.
General characteristics of participants.
| n | Diabetic (N = 57) | Control (N = 54) |
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Age (year) | 50.93 (5.07) | 48.73 (5.71) |
| Female (%) | 52.8 | 58.8 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 8.6 (6.67) | — |
| Height (cm) | 164.36 (8.04) | 163.01 (10.24) |
| Weight (Kg) | 73.84 (11.23) | 76.26 (11.79) |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.37 (3.88) | 28.85 (4.79) |
| WC (cm) | 94.18 (7.67) | 93.71 (10.46) |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 159.66 (56.76) | 94.02 (13.32)§ |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.95 (1.70) | 5.27 (0.67)† |
| Fasting plasma insulin (μIU/mL) | 10.29 (6.25) | 7.53 (5.03)† |
| HOMA-IR | 3.01 (2.38) | 2.52 (1.64)£ |
| Urinary albumin (mg/L) | 4.85 (3.16) | 3.74 (2.80) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.96 (0.17) | 0.97 (0.13) |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.8 (2.3) | 3.9 (2.0)†£ |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.00 (17.55) | 120.60 (14.50)* |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.32 (8.77) | 75.71 (10.47) |
| T-C (mg/dL) | 202.27 (31.37) | 171.05 (38.45)† |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40.69 (8.47) | 46.45 (10.86)† |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.08 (22.33) | 93.33 (23.48)† |
| TG (mg/dL) | 181.91 | 168.98 (91.14)£ |
| Metformin (n)(%) | 43 (76.0) | — |
| Glibenclamide (n) (%) | 41 (71.9) | |
| Statin (n) (%) | 36 (63.1) | |
| CIMT (mm) | 0.73 (0.17) | 0.61 (0.09)† |
| FMD (%) | 12.78 (7.54) | 18.09 (10.64)† |
| CACS§ | 95.46 (294.12) | 24.25 (102.92)†£ |
Data are n, means ± SD.
WC: waist circumference, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, T-C: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness, FMD: (brachial artery) flow-mediated dilation, and CACS: coronary artery calcium.
*P < 0.05, † P < 0.01, and §Agatston score.
£By Mann-Whitney U test.