Table 1.

Prenatal nutrition and schizophrenia.

Authors and year	Location	Type of study	N	Diagnosis	Finding
Susser and Lin (1992)	Netherlands	Retrospective cohort analysis with ecologic data on exposure	35 exposed cases	ICD-9 diagnoses for schizophrenia determined through Dutch psychiatric registry	Birth cohorts exposed to severe food deprivation during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944/1945 during the 1st trimester showed a two-fold increase in hospitalized schizophrenia for women but not for men
Susser et al. (1996)	Netherlands	Retrospective cohort analysis with ecologic data on exposure	9656 exposed cases	ICD-9 diagnoses for schizophrenia determined through Dutch psychiatric registry	Exposure to famine during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944/1945 in early gestation was associated with a twofold and statistically significant increase in the risk for schizophrenia in both men and women
Hoek et al. (1996)	Netherlands	Retrospective cohort analysis with ecologic data on exposure	156 cases	ICD-6 and ICD-9 diagnosis for schizoid personality disorder obtained from military induction data	Males exposed to severe famine during Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944/45 in early gestation had a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (schizophrenia plus schizophrenia spectrum personality disorder)
Schaefer et al. (2000)	Alameda County, California	Birth cohort study and analysis	63 cases	DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS, and schizotypal personality disorder, diagnosed through psychiatric record review and diagnostic interview (Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies)	High compared with average maternal pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2) was associated with a nearly three-fold significantly increasd risk for SSD in adult offspring
Wahlbeck et al. (2001)	Helsinki, Finland	Birth cohort study and analysis	114 cases	DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder determined from data from Finnish Hospital Discharge Register	Mothers' late-pregnancy BMI of ≤30 associated with 1.09 per kg/m increase in risk of schizophrenia in offspring
Kawai et al. (2004)	Hamamatsu City, Japan	Cohort analysis	52 cases	DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia in in- and outpatients from University Hospital	A one-unit increase of BMI in early pregnancy and a 19% increase in late pregnancy were associated with a 24% increase in risk of schizophrenia
St Clair et al. (2005)	Wuhu region of Anhui, China	Retrospective cohort analysis with ecologic data on exposure	4597 cases	Diagnoses from inpatient and outpatient psychiatric case record review from Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, 1971–2001. Schizophrenia defined by ICD-8 and 9	Subjects born during 1959–1961 Chinese famine years had a two-fold increase in rate of schizophrenia, not accompanied by a change in proportion of familial cases; results suggested that early gestational exposure conferred the increased risk
Brown et al. (2007)	Alameda County, California	Nested case-control study	63 cases	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS, and schizotypal personality disorder, diagnosed through psychiatric record review and diagnostic interview (Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies)	Elevated 3rd trimester homocysteine (related to low folate levels) associated with a greater than two-fold statistically significant increase in risk of SSD
Insel et al. (2008)	Alameda County, California	Prospective birth cohort	57 cases	DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS, and schizotypal personality disorder, diagnosed through diagnostic interview (Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies) and psychiatric record review	A mean maternal hemoglobin concentration of 10.0g/dL or less was associated with a nearly four-fold statistically significant increased rate of SSDs compared with a mean maternal hemoglobin concentration of 12.0 g/dL or higher, adjusting for maternal education and ethnicity. For every 1-g/dL increase in mean maternal hemoglobin concentration, a 27% decrease in the rate of SSDs was observed
Xu et al. (2009)	Liuzhou prefecture of Guangxi autonomous region in China	Retrospective cohort analysis of ecological data	4974 cases	Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD) and ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia determined by chart review	Subjects conceived or in early gestation at the height of 1959–1961 Chinese famine had a two-fold increased risk of schizophrenia with risk related to severity of famine conditions
McGrath et al. (2009)	Denmark	Nested case-control study	424 cases	Schizophrenia ICD-10 from psychiatric register	Subjects in the lowest 3 quintiles and highest quintile had a two-fold increased risk of schizophrenia compared with subjects in the fourth quintile