Table 1.
Frequent comorbidities among pregnant patients with substance use disorders.
| Comorbidity | Study (year), country | Patient population | Prevalence (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Hepatitis C | Wachman et al. (2010), USA | 276 opioid-dependent pregnant women in maintenance treatment (buprenorphine/methadone) | 65 | [51] |
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| Dryden et al. (2009), UK | 450 opioid-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment | 50.4 | [52] | |
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| Vucinovic et al. (2008), Croatia | 85 opioid-dependent pregnant women (heroin/methadone) | 49 | [53] | |
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| Kashiwagi et al. (2005), Switzerland | 84 opioid-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment (n = 77 screened) | 54.5 | [54] | |
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| HIV | Ziegler et al. (2000), Germany | 109 opiate-dependent pregnant women (not in maintenance treatment/in methadone treatment) | 22.9/23.5 | [55] |
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| Rohrmeister et al. (2001), Austria | 88 opioid-dependent women in maintenance treatment | 5.7 | [56] | |
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| Kashiwagi et al. (2005), Switzerland | 84 opioid-dependent women in methadone treatment | 20.2 | [54] | |
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| Hepatitis B | Almario et al. (2009), USA | 258 opiate-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment | 30.3 | [57] |
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| Kelly et al. (2000), Australia | 96 substance-dependent (methadone, heroin, amphetamines or other substances) women delivering in a hospital in Melbourne | 3.0 | [58] | |
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| Sexually transmitted diseases | Cavanaugh et al. (2010), USA | 76 pregnant heroin/cocaine-dependent women tested for chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, genital warts and herpes | 18.4 | [59] |
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| Fiocchi and Kingree (2001), USA | 135 pregnant crack users enrolled in a comprehensive residential treatment program | Lifetime: 50 | [60] | |
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| Psychiatric comorbidity/psychiatric medications | Wachman et al. (2010), USA | 276 opioid-dependent women in maintenance treatment (buprenorphine/methadone); data on psychiatric diagnoses and medications were obtained from retrospective chart reviews of patients treated at Boston Medical Center (MA, USA) | Depression: 42Bipolar disorder: 17Anxiety disorder: 42SSRI: 20Benzodiazepine: 23 | [51] |
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| Dryden et al. (2009), UK | 450 opioid-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment; data on depression and psychiatric medications were obtained from retrospective chart reviews of patients treated at Princess Royal Maternity Hospital (UK) | History of depression: 18.2SSRI: 7.1Tricyclic/related: 3.8Other antidepressant: 1.3 | [52] | |
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| Kissin et al. (2001), USA | 240 pregnant opioid/cocaine-dependent women; data on psychiatric diagnoses were obtained by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R [61] | Organic mood syndrome: 31.1Social phobia: 8.1Simple phobia: 7.1OCD: 6.2Organic anxiety disorder: 6.2Major depression: 3.3Alcohol dependence: 8.1Sedative dependence: 4.3Marijuana dependence: 11.4 | [62] | |
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| Goel et al. (2011), UK | 186 pregnant women with illicit substance use; data on alcohol abuse were collected retrospectively from hospital databases | Alcohol abuse: 48.3 | [63] | |
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| Almario et al. (2009), USA | 258 opiate-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment; psychiatric data were obtained from retrospective chart reviews at the Family Center of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (PA, USA) | SSRI: 12.0Antipsychotic: 5.8 | [57] | |
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| Benningfeld et al. (2010), USA | 174 opioid-dependent pregnant women in pharmacological maintenance therapy; assessment of psychiatric symptoms with Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [64] | Mood symptoms: 48.6Anxiety symptoms: 40.0Suicidal thinking: 12.6 | [65] | |
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| Polysubstance abuse (nicotine excluded) | Mayet et al. (2008), UK | 126 pregnant substance-using women attending a specialist perinatal addictions outreach service | 48.7 | [66] |
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| Dryden et al. (2009), UK | 450 opioid-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment | 80 | [52] | |
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| Goel et al. (2011), UK | 186 pregnant women with illicit substance use | 61.3 | [63] | |
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| Liu et al. (2010), Australia | 228 opioid-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment | 60 | [67] | |
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| Smoking (nicotine) | Little et al. (2003), USA | 55 pregnant women with substance abuse (cocaine, heroin or alcohol) in residential substance abuse treatment | Current smoker: 94.7 | [68] |
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| McCarthy et al. (2005), USA | 81 opioid-dependent pregnant women in methadone treatment | Current smoker: 77 | [69] | |
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| Jones et al. (2010), USA | 131 opioid-dependent pregnant women in maintenance treatment (buprenorphine/methadone) | Current smoker: 97 | [40] | |
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| Ho et al. (2001), Canada | 132 pregnant MDMA users contacting a local helpline | Current smoker: 53.8 | [70] | |
MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; OCD: Obsessive–compulsive disorder; SSRI: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor.