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. 2012 Aug 21;7(1):470. doi: 10.1186/1556-276X-7-470

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Copyright ©2012 Vempati et al.; licensee Springer.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Energy level diagram showing some of the principal defect levels in ZnO. The ZnO has an assumed bandgap of 3.36 eV. Potential transitions between the various levels are colour coded and discussed in the text; the principal references taken for the basis of this figure are shown along the top with some additional feed-in references given within the figure in square brackets. Not shown are transitions in the red associated with either surface oxygen or surface OH groups. CB, conduction band; VB, valence band; FX, free exciton; ST, surface trap. Image is coloured online.