Table 4. Genetic parameters estimated in joint-scaling test.

Trait	Additive model				Additive-dominance model
	μ (±s.e.)	α (±s.e.)	χ2(d.f.)	P-value	μ (±s.e.)	α (±s.e.)	δ (±s.e.)	χ2(d.f.)	P-value
PC1	−0.029	0.130	68.525	<0.001	−0.031	0.125	−0.013	3.551	0.169
	±0.001	±0.002	(1)		±0.001	±0.002	±0.002	(2)
HW	−0.752	0.101	18.714	<0.001	−0.752	0.099	−0.005	4.953	0.084
	±0.001	±0.002	(1)		±0.001	±0.002	±0.001	(2)
HL	−0.283	−0.031	32.025	<0.001	−0.282	−0.029	0.010	5.274	0.072
	±0.002	±0.002	(1)		±0.002	±0.002	±0.002	(2)
TW	−0.234	0.038	32.489	<0.001	−0.236	0.035	−0.009	5.354	0.069
	±0.001	±0.002	(1)		±0.001	±0.002	±0.002	(2)
TL	−0.115	−0.044	45.540	<0.001	−0.114	−0.038	0.012	7.100	0.029
	±0.002	±0.002	(1)		±0.002	±0.002	±0.002	(2)
EW	0.354	−0.021	44.841	<0.001	0.350	−0.027	−0.012	6.826	0.033
	±0.002	±0.002	(1)		±0.002	±0.002	±0.002	(2)
EL	1.034	−0.043	17.865	<0.001	1.035	−0.042	0.005	3.825	0.148
	±0.001	±0.002	(1)		±0.001	±0.002	±0.001	(2)
Body size	2.095	0.010	11.502	0.009	2.094	0.008	−0.007	9.050	0.011
	±0.003	±0.005	(1)		±0.004	±0.005	±0.004	(2)

Abbreviations: EL, elytron length; EW, elytron width; HL, head length; HW, head width; PC1, first principal component; TL, thorax length; TW, thorax width;. μ, the mean value of all populations; α, additive effects; δ, dominant effects.