Table 2.
Multilevel regressions of cognitive function [β (standard deviation)] amongst elderly communities living in two integrated public housing precincts in Singapore
| Factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive function (n = 558) | ||||
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Age ≤70 years (vs. age <70 years)*** | -1.56 (0.32)*** | -1.52 (0.33)*** | -1.44 (0.33)*** | |
| Chinese ethnicity (vs. non-Chinese ethnicity)* | 1.09 (0.31)** | 1.06 (0.32)* | 0.59 (0.31)* | |
| Female gender (vs. male gender)*** | –0.91 (0.32)** | –0.93 (0.33)* | –0.91 (0.33)** | |
| Currently married (vs. not currently married)** | –0.07 (0.31) | –0.10 (0.33) | –0.18 (0.32) | |
| Secondary education or higher (vs. primary education and below)*** | 1.81 (0.38)*** | 1.80 (0.39)*** | 1.78 (0.38)*** | |
| Larger social network (vs. smaller social network)** | 0.69 (0.34)* | 0.70 (0.34)* | 0.65 (0.34)* | |
| Clinical factors | ||||
| Hearing impairment (vs. no hearing impairment)** | -1.70 (0.58)** | -1.78 (0.57)** | -1.78 (0.57)** | |
| Had a fall in the past year (vs. no fall in the past year)** | –0.16 (0.38) | –0.10 (0.39)*** | –0.16 (0.38) | |
| Independent in iADL (vs. impaired in iADL)*** | 4.06 (0.45)*** | 3.92 (0.46)*** | 3.83 (0.45)*** | |
| Depression (vs. no depression)* | –0.05 (0.39) | –0.13 (0.39) | –0.08 (0.39) | |
| Intercept | 25.62 (0.21)*** | 22.53 (1.48)*** | 21.26 (0.89)*** | 21.55 (0.89)*** |
| Area socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Public rental flat neighborhood (vs. owner-occupied flat neighborhood)** | -1.41 (0.58)** | |||
| Higher neighborhood deprivation (vs. lower neighborhood deprivation)* | −1.31 (0.55)** | |||
| Higher neighborhood unemployment (vs. lower neighborhood unemployment) | –0.14 (0.35) | |||
| Individual socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Employed (vs. unemployed)** | 0.78 (0.39)* | 0.82 (0.38)* | ||
| Monthly household income =1,000 SGD (vs. monthly household income <1,000 SGD)** | 0.11 (0.35) | 0.09 (0.35) | ||
| Owns a car (vs. does not own a car)** | 0.20 (0.78) | 0.11 (0.77) | ||
| Receiving financial aid (vs. not receiving financial aid) | –0.21 (0.33) | –0.20 (0.35) | ||
| Random variance component | ||||
| Between-group intercept, τ | 2.10*** | 0.44*** | 0.35*** | 0.30*** |
| Within-group, σ2 | 15.60 | 12.60 | 11.90 | 11.84 |
| Changes in within-group variance, % | - | 19.23 | 4.49 | 0.38 |
| Intraclass correlation, ρ | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.