Table 3.
Outcomes for subjects who completed the crossover and delayed intervention phase, and between-group differences
|
Group 1 (No Intervention) (n=45) |
Group 2 (Delayed Intervention) (n=50) |
Between-group |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Outcome and Values |
MTI |
Crossover |
Change |
Rep. Base |
Delayed MTI |
Change |
difference |
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Diff in means (95% CI) | Means (SE) | Means (SE) | Diff in means (95% CI) | Diff in means (95% CI) | |
| Physical performance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SPPB (points) |
10.7 (0.2) |
11.0 (0.2) |
0.3 (0.0 to 0.7) |
10.1 (0.2) |
10.7 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2 to 0.9)*** |
−0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) |
| Balance (points) |
3.4 (0.1) |
3.5 (0.1) |
0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) |
3.2 (0.1) |
3.4 (0.1) |
0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) |
−0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) |
| Walk (seconds) |
3.3 (0.1) |
3.3 (0.1) |
0.0 (−0.2 to 0.1) |
3.4 (0.1) |
3.3 (0.1) |
−0.1 (−0.2 to 0.1) |
0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) |
| Chair (seconds) |
11.0 (0.3) |
10.4 (0.3) |
−0.6 (−1.1 to −0.1)* |
12.8 (0.3) |
11.5 (0.3) |
−1.3 (−1.8 to −0.8)*** |
1.0 (0.1 to 2.0)* |
| 8 foot up-and-go (seconds) |
5.7 (0.2) |
5.6 (0.2) |
−0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) |
6.7 (0.2) |
6.0 (0.2) |
−0.7 (−1.0 to −0.4)*** |
0.4 (−0.1 to 0.9) |
| Strength performance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Knee extension (Newton) |
367.3 (9.7) |
355.7 (9.9) |
−11.6 (−25.0 to 1.7) |
312.3 (9.2) |
343.6 (9.6) |
31.3 (18.6 to 44.0)*** |
−12.1 (−39.4 to 15.2) |
| Hand grip (Newton) |
334.4 (8.8) |
335.4 (9.0) |
1.1 (−9.0 to 11.1) |
343.1 (8.5) |
357.5 (8.7) |
14.3 (4.9 to 23.8)** |
22.0 (−2.9 to 46.9) |
| Endurance performance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Six min walking (meter) |
491.1 (9.8) |
481.1 (10.0) |
10.0 (−21.3 to 1.3) |
447.0 (9.4) |
462.8 (9.7) |
15.8 (5.3 to 26.3)** |
−18.3 (−46.0 to 9.5) |
| Physical activity (cpm) |
307.1 (15.7) |
277.1 (16.4) |
−30.1 (−60.7 to 0.6) |
211.7 (15.0) |
337.6 (16.0) |
125.9 (96.0 to 155.8)*** |
60.6 (15.1 to 106.0)** |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
27.3 (0.6) |
27.3 (0.6) |
0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2) |
26.9 (0.6) |
26.4 (0.6) |
−0.5 (−0.7 to −0.3)*** |
−0.9 (−2.5 to 0.8) |
| Icelandic quality of life (points) | 56.6 (0.7) | 56.2 (0.7) | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.6) | 54.6 (0.7) | 55.5 (0.7) | 0.9 (−0.1 to 1.8) | −0.6 (−2.7 to 1.4) |
Values are shown as means with standard error (SE) at following time points; MTI and crossover by Group 1 and repeated baseline and delayed MTI by Group 2, 95% confidence interval in means (95% CI) comparing changes between groups, and significant differences; * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
MTI = Multimodal Training Intervention.
Rep.Base = Repeat Baseline.
SE = Standard error.
SPPB = Short physical performance battery.
cpm = Average counts per minute.
BMI = Body mass index.