Figure 2. Ovarian development of control, resident and introduced bees in the various conditions.

Groups of five fertile or infertile bees were introduced into their mother colony or a foreign colony containing or lacking the queen. Resident bees were native workers from the host colony. Infertile control bees were randomly taken from non-manipulated colonies before the competition phase (see Materials and Methods). Fertile control bees were laying workers taken from triads of isolated workers. All workers were of the same age. The different letters denote statistical differences; each analysis (one-way ANOVA with the Monte Carlo procedure followed by post-hoc exact permutation tests corrected for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni sequential method) is represented by uppercase or lowercase letters. Comparisons between resident and introduced bees for each condition were performed by exact permutation tests. QL, queenless; n.s., not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01. Data are represented as mean ± standard error.