Table 4.
Odds Ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI)* for smoking status, alcohol consumption and physical activity levels, respectively, at year 20 for self-reported discrimination experience at years 7 and 15 among African-Americans: The CARDIA Study, 1992–2006
| Dependent Variable Covariates added |
Crude ---- |
Model 1 Individual level† |
Model 2: Model 1 + neighborhood SE |
Model 3a: Model 2 + racial/ethnic composition |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status (Reference: Never) | ||||||||
| Current | ||||||||
| Discrimination at Years 7 and 15 | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limited | 0.83 | 0.51–1.35 | 1.13 | 0.67–1.91 | 1.14 | 0.67–1.92 | 1.16 | 0.69–1.96 |
| Moderate | 1.20 | 0.75–1.91 | 1.75 | 1.05–2.91 | 1.75 | 1.05–2.92 | 1.78 | 1.07–2.97 |
| High | 1.24 | 0.79–1.97 | 2.20 | 1.32–3.65 | 2.23 | 1.34–3.73 | 2.26 | 1.35–3.77 |
| Former | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limited | 1.82 | 0.87–3.78 | 2.15 | 1.01–4.60 | 2.09 | 0.97–4.47 | 2.08 | 0.97–4.45 |
| Moderate | 1.81 | 0.87–3.79 | 2.38 | 1.11–5.12 | 2.28 | 1.06–4.91 | 2.26 | 1.05–4.88 |
| High | 2.50 | 1.23–5.07 | 3.36 | 1.59–7.09 | 3.17 | 1.49–6.71 | 3.17 | 1.49–6.74 |
| Alcohol consumption in the past year | ||||||||
| Any alcohol (Ref: No use) | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limited | 1.44 | 0.95–2.18 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.26 | 1.46 | 0.96–2.24 | 1.47 | 0.96–2.25 |
| Moderate | 1.69 | 1.12–2.55 | 1.73 | 1.13–2.64 | 1.68 | 1.09–2.57 | 1.68 | 1.10–2.58 |
| High | 2.19 | 1.45–3.29 | 2.27 | 1.48–3.48 | 2.15 | 1.40–3.31 | 2.15 | 1.40–3.31 |
| Physical activity (Ref: Low activity) | ||||||||
| High | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limited | 2.03 | 1.07–3.83 | 2.04 | 1.05–3.96 | 1.94 | 0.99–3.82 | 1.91 | 0.97–3.77 |
| Moderate | 2.44 | 1.31–4.53 | 2.34 | 1.22–4.48 | 2.24 | 1.16–4.34 | 2.19 | 1.13–4.26 |
| High | 3.64 | 1.99–6.66 | 3.38 | 1.78–6.42 | 3.12 | 1.63–5.97 | 3.10 | 1.61–5.95 |
| Moderate | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limited | 1.73 | 1.07–2.80 | 1.62 | 0.99–2.64 | 1.62 | 0.99–2.63 | 1.59 | 0.97–2.60 |
| Moderate | 1.31 | 0.81–2.13 | 1.18 | 0.72–1.94 | 1.18 | 0.72–1.94 | 1.16 | 0.71–1.91 |
| High | 1.60 | 0.99–2.56 | 1.43 | 0.88–2.34 | 1.42 | 0.87–2.33 | 1.41 | 0.86–2.30 |
*
ORs for smoking and physical activity are from multinomial logistic regression models while the ORs for alcohol use are obtained from logistic regression.
†
Adjusted estimates for individual level covariates include age, gender, marital status, coping mechanisms, education and income.