(a)

Variables	Enuresis		ADHD		Separation anxiety disorder		Oppositional defiant disorder		Speech disorders		Sleep disorders
	n	P	n	P	n	P	n	P	n	P	n	P
Gender
Male	45	0.108	37	0.732	13	0.388	32	0.786	4	0.286	22	0.623
Female	16		15		6		14		0		6
Age (years)
6–8	33		18		12		18		2		14
8–10	12	0.0368	19	0.055	1	0.0001*	21	0.641	1	0.844	6	0.399
10–12	16		15		6		7		1		6
Reason of institutionalization
Abandonment	30		30		14		26		3		13
Orphanage	14	0.732	13	0.5	2	0.0001*	14	0.348	1	0.577	1	0.0001*
Disturbed family integrity	17		9		3		6		0		14
Moves between institutions
1	27		39		8		24		4		12
2	28	0.546	13	0.0857	9	0.355	15	0.331	0	0.001*	10	0.449
3	6		0		2		7		0		6
Sex of caregiver
Male	13	0.202	15	0.936	7	0.584	4	0.941	1	0.0001*	5	0.601
Female	84		37		12		42		3		23
Stability of caregiver
Stable >6 months	42	0.972	37	0.935	15	0.453	32	0.914	1	0.0001*	19	0.593
Unstable	20		15		4		14		3		9
Length of institutionalization
Less than 2 years	37	0.357	43	0.793	15	0.366	37	0.968	1	0.017*	22	0.623
More than 2 years	24		9		4		9		3		6

P < 0.05 Significant, *Significant, n: number, ADHD: attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder.