Table 1.

Changes in BM or MVM activity or placental expression of nutrient transporters and lipases in pregnancies complicated by abnormal fetal growth. Arrows indicate direction of change compared to normal fetal growth.

	Activity in BM	Activity in MVM	Expression	Refs.
IUGR
System A	↔	↓		[35, 40]*
System L	↓	↓		[63]
Lysine	↓	↔		[63]
Taurine**	↓	↓	↔	[64, 65]
Glucose	↔	↔	↔	[35]
Lipoprotein lipase		↓	↑ or ↔	[66–68]
Endothelial lipase			↓	[68]
LGA/macrosomia
System A	↔	↑ or ↓	↑	[69–71]
System L	↔	↑ or ↔		[69, 71]
Lysine	↔	↔		[69]
Taurine	↔	↔		[69]
Glucose	↑	↔	↑	[72]
Lipoprotein lipase		↑	↔	[66]

Increased (↑), decreased (↓), or unchanged (↔) transporter activity or expression in placenta from pregnancies with IUGR or fetal overgrowth as compared to normally grown fetuses. *[35] measured reduced system A activity in preterm IUGR but not term IUGR. **Effect only on sodium-independent uptake in BM and sodium-dependent uptake in MVM.